Lectures 27 & 28 Larynx, infrahyoid muscles, thyroid Flashcards
1
Q
Main functions of larynx?
A
Respiration & vocalization
2
Q
Moveable epiglottis protects deeper parts of the respiratory system from foreign material.
A
True
3
Q
What is the larynx lined with?
A
Respiratory epithelium
4
Q
What are vocal folds lined with?
A
Stratified squamous epithelium
5
Q
Cartilages provide a fully rigid support for the larynx
A
False, semi-rigid
6
Q
Name type of joints between major cartilages
A
Synovial
7
Q
Type of cartilage of thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid
A
Hyaline - calcifies with age
8
Q
List the cartilages of the larynx
A
- Epiglottis
- Thyroid
- Cricoid
- Arytenoid
- Corniculate
- Cuniform
- Tritiate
9
Q
Describe the thyroid cartilage
A
- Laryngeal notch & notch, prominence, anterior lamina, superior & inferior horn (posteriorly), oblique line
10
Q
Describe relationships of cricoid
A
Lamina (posterior), arch (anterior)
11
Q
Describe corniculate
A
Separate small cartilage at apex of arytenoids
12
Q
Locate cuniform cartilage
A
In aryepiglottic fold
13
Q
Locate tritiate cartilage
A
In posterior thyrohyoid membrane
14
Q
Where does anterior vocal process of arytenoid cartilage attach?
A
Vocal ligament
15
Q
Where does muscular process attach to?
A
Attaches to most of the intrinsic muscles
16
Q
Where does the base hinge on of the arytenoid cartilage?
A
Upper surface of cricoid cartilage, allowing arytenoid to swivel or slide
17
Q
Type of joint of cricothyroid?
A
synovial joint
18
Q
Type of joint of cricoarytenoid?
A
Synovial joint
19
Q
Describe relationship of cricothyroid joint
A
Medial surface of inferior horn of thyroid cartilage to lateral lamina of cricoid cartilage
20
Q
Describe relationship of cricoarytenoid joint
A
Upper border of cricoid cartilage to base of arytenoid
21
Q
Describe inlet region of laryngeal cavity
A
Opening from pharynx
22
Q
Describe the vestibular region of laryngeal cavity
A
From inlet to vestibular fold
23
Q
Describe intermediate cavity region of laryngeal cavity
A
From vestibular folds down to level of vocal folds
24
Q
Describe ventricles/sinuses of the laryngeal cavity
A
Paired cavities in lateral wall between vestibular folds & vocal folds
25
Describe rima glottis of laryngeal cavity
Gap between vocal folds
26
Describe infraglottic cavity (region of laryngeal cavity
Vocal folds to top of trachea
27
What do vocal folds consist of?
Elastic vocal ligament & vocalis muscle (medial part of thyroarytenoid muscle
28
Vocal folds changes in length and shape of space between folds (rima glottis) control sounds & flow of air
False, changes width
29
Define 'vestibular folds'
soft folds of mucous membrane
30
Vestibular folds are hugely involved in phonation
False, little or no involvement in phonation
31
List the extrinsic ligaments
Thyrohyoid membrane & cricotracheal membrane
32
Located thyrohyoid membrane
Upper thyroid cartilage to hyoid
33
What are the lateral thickenings of thyrohyoid membrane?
Thyrohyoid ligaments
34
Where does cricotracheal membrane stretch to?
Cricoid cartilage to trachea
35
Location of intrinsic ligaments of larynx
Situated internally between mucosal lining of larynx & cartilage/muscle of larynx
36
Upper part of intrinsic ligament of larynx?
Quadrangular membrane
37
Free inferior margin of intrinsic ligament of larynx forms ?
Vestibular ligament
38
Lower part of intrinsic ligament of larynx?
Cricothyroid membrane
39
Free superior margin of intrinsic ligament of larynx?
Vocal ligament
40
Vocalis muscle is just lateral to intrinsic ligaments of larynx
True
41
Function of extrinsic muscles of larynx
Move entire larynx up or down
42
Function of intrinsic muscles of larynx
Vary rima glottis & inlet, varies tension on ligaments
43
All intrinsic muscles of larynx are paired
False, transverse arytenoid is not paired
44
Intrinsic muscles are visible on superficial surface of intact larynx
True
45
Cricothyroid muscle relationship?
Superficial surface of arch of cricoid to deep surface of thyroid lamina & inferior horn
46
What do aryepiglottic muscles form?
Aryepiglottic folds
47
Where do aryepiglottic muscles extend to?
Extend from apex of arytenoids cartilages to sides of epiglottis
48
Aryepiglottic muscles are continuous with:
- Oblique arytenoid muscles
- Transverse arytenoid muscle
- Posterior cricoarytenoids
- Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
- thyroarytenoid muscle
- Thyroepiglottis
49
Attachment of deep or posterior to thyroid cartilage intrinsic muscles?
Most are attached to muscular process of arytenoid cartilage (except aryepiglottis & thyroepiglottis)
50
Attachment of oblique arytenoid muscles:
Muscular process of one arytenoid cartilage to apex of opposite one
51
Oblique arytenoid muscles are superficial to:
- Transverse arytenoid muscles
- posterior cricoarytenoids
- lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
- thyroarytenoid muscles
- thyroepiglottis
52
Attachment of transverse arytenoid muscle
from backs of muscular processes, crosses gap between arytenoid cartilages
53
Attachment of posterior cricoarytenoids
post cricoid to muscular process of arytenoid
54
Attachment of lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
Arch of cricoid back and up to muscular process arytenoid
55
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles are deep to cricothyroid and has different attachments
True
56
Cricothyroid (superficial) are same as lateral cricoarytenoid muscles (deep)
False
57
Attachment of thyroarytenoid muscles
Inner surface of lamina of thyroid cartilage (anteriorly) to VOCAL PROCESS OF arytenoid cartilage (posteriorly)
58
Thyroarytenoid muscle has a medial extension that forms _______________
Vocalis muscle in vocal fold
59
Attachment of thyroepiglottis muscle
Inner surface of thyroid cartilage to epiglottis (some fibres may intertwine with aryepiglottis)
60
List muscles which vary shape or width of rima glottis (opening between vocal folds)
- Abductors and posterior cricoarytenoids
| - Adductors & sphincters & lateral cricoarytenoids, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoids
61
Function of abductors
Move vocal folds apart
62
Function of adductors & sphincters
Move vocal folds together & close the inlet
63
Function of lateral cricoarytenoids
Rotate vocal processes of arytenoids medially
64
Function of transverse arytenoid
pull arytenoids together
65
Function of cricothyroids?
Tense/tighten vocal folds by lengthening and tensing
66
Function of thyroarytenoids & vocalis muscle
Shorten and relax allows relaxation of vocal folds
67
Name muscles that close inlet - sphincter
- Aryepiglottics
| - Oblique arytenoids
68
Name muscle that widen inlet
thyroepiglottics
69
Name extrinsic muscles of larynx that raise larynx and compress laryngeal orifice
- Thyrohyoid
- Stylopharangeus
- Palatopharangeus
70
Location of thyrohyoid
Thyroid cartilage to hyoid
71
Location of stylopharangeus
Styloid to posterior border of thyroid cartilage, some fibres blend with pharyngeal constrictors
72
Location of palatopharangeus
Soft palate & salpingopharangeus to posterior border of thyroid cartilage
73
Sternothyroid function?
Lowers larynx and opens orifice
74
Location of sternothyroid
Thyroid cartilage to sternum
75
Vagus nerve leaves skull via?
Jugular foramen
76
Vagus nerve has a close relationship with?
Carotids & presence of recurrent laryngeal branches
77
On the left side in the thorax, the vagus crosses the ?
Crosses anterior surface of the arch of the aorta & gives off the recurrent laryngeal nerve which loops under the arch of the aorta.
78
On right side in the thorax, the vagus crosses the?
Crosses anterior surface of the subclavian artery & gives off the recurrent laryngeal nerve which then loops under the artery
79
On both sides, the recurrent laryngeal nerves run in the groove between?
Oesophagus & trachea & then pass deep to the thyroid gland
80
In the thorax, both vagi divide up into plexuses (_____________) and then form anterior and posterior vagal trunks and finally enter the abdomen on the oesophagus
Cardiac, pulmonary and oesophageal plexuses
81
Functions of recurrent laryngeal nerves?
Motor, parasympathetic, sensory to part of auricle, pharynx, larynx and structures in thorax and abdomen
82
Superior laryngeal nerve arises from? And crosses what?
Arises from upper vagus, and crosses lateral surface of superior constrictor of pharynx
83
Superior laryngeal nerve forms what two major branches?
Internal and external branch
84
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve passes under _____ and through _______?
Thyrohyoid muscle, thyrohyoid membrane
85
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve supplies?
Mucosa to level of and including vocal folds
86
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve is accompanied by?
Superior laryngeal branch of superior thyroid artery which is a branch of external carotid artery
87
External branch of superior laryngeal nerve passes under?
Sternohyoid muscle,
88
What does external branch of superior laryngeal nerve supply?
Cricothyroid and inferior constrictor of pharynx
89
Recurrent laryngeal nerve ascends in groove between trachea and thyroid cartilage
False, it's between trachea and oesophagus
90
Recurrent laryngeal nerve is behind thyroid and passes deep to lower border of inferior constrictor to enter larynx
True
91
What does recurrent laryngeal nerve supply?
All laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid and mucus membrane below vocal fold
92
Recurrent laryngeal nerve is accompanied by
Inferior laryngeal branch of inferior thyroidal artery
93
Inferior laryngeal branch of inferior thyroidal artery is a branch of?
thyrocervical trunk
94
Veins of larynx drain into?
Superior and inferior thyroid veins
95
Lymph vessels of larynx drain into?
Deep cervical nodes
96
Thyroid gland is an endocrine gland
True
97
Two lateral lobes of thyroid gland is joined laterally by an isthmus
False, joined medially
98
Thyroid gland may also have an extra pyramidal lobe
True
99
Lobes extend from thyroid cartilage of larynx to?
4th or 5th tracheal cartilage
100
Thyroid gland is deep to infrahyoid muscles
True
101
Thyroid gland produces what?
Thyroid hormones and calcitonin (reduces blood calcium)
102
How many parathyroid glands are there usually?
4
103
Parathyroid glands are closely associated with?
Posterior surface of the thyroid
104
Parathyroid hormone function?
Elevates blood calcium
105
Thyroid and parathyroids are in close proximity to the ?
Recurrent laryngeal nerves
