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Head and Neck Anatomy > Lectures 27 & 28 Larynx, infrahyoid muscles, thyroid > Flashcards

Lectures 27 & 28 Larynx, infrahyoid muscles, thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of larynx?

A

Respiration & vocalization

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2
Q

Moveable epiglottis protects deeper parts of the respiratory system from foreign material.

A

True

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3
Q

What is the larynx lined with?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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4
Q

What are vocal folds lined with?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

Cartilages provide a fully rigid support for the larynx

A

False, semi-rigid

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6
Q

Name type of joints between major cartilages

A

Synovial

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7
Q

Type of cartilage of thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid

A

Hyaline - calcifies with age

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8
Q

List the cartilages of the larynx

A
  • Epiglottis
  • Thyroid
  • Cricoid
  • Arytenoid
  • Corniculate
  • Cuniform
  • Tritiate
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9
Q

Describe the thyroid cartilage

A
  • Laryngeal notch & notch, prominence, anterior lamina, superior & inferior horn (posteriorly), oblique line
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10
Q

Describe relationships of cricoid

A

Lamina (posterior), arch (anterior)

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11
Q

Describe corniculate

A

Separate small cartilage at apex of arytenoids

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12
Q

Locate cuniform cartilage

A

In aryepiglottic fold

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13
Q

Locate tritiate cartilage

A

In posterior thyrohyoid membrane

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14
Q

Where does anterior vocal process of arytenoid cartilage attach?

A

Vocal ligament

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15
Q

Where does muscular process attach to?

A

Attaches to most of the intrinsic muscles

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16
Q

Where does the base hinge on of the arytenoid cartilage?

A

Upper surface of cricoid cartilage, allowing arytenoid to swivel or slide

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17
Q

Type of joint of cricothyroid?

A

synovial joint

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18
Q

Type of joint of cricoarytenoid?

A

Synovial joint

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19
Q

Describe relationship of cricothyroid joint

A

Medial surface of inferior horn of thyroid cartilage to lateral lamina of cricoid cartilage

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20
Q

Describe relationship of cricoarytenoid joint

A

Upper border of cricoid cartilage to base of arytenoid

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21
Q

Describe inlet region of laryngeal cavity

A

Opening from pharynx

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22
Q

Describe the vestibular region of laryngeal cavity

A

From inlet to vestibular fold

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23
Q

Describe intermediate cavity region of laryngeal cavity

A

From vestibular folds down to level of vocal folds

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24
Q

Describe ventricles/sinuses of the laryngeal cavity

A

Paired cavities in lateral wall between vestibular folds & vocal folds

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25
Q

Describe rima glottis of laryngeal cavity

A

Gap between vocal folds

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26
Q

Describe infraglottic cavity (region of laryngeal cavity

A

Vocal folds to top of trachea

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27
Q

What do vocal folds consist of?

A

Elastic vocal ligament & vocalis muscle (medial part of thyroarytenoid muscle

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28
Q

Vocal folds changes in length and shape of space between folds (rima glottis) control sounds & flow of air

A

False, changes width

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29
Q

Define ‘vestibular folds’

A

soft folds of mucous membrane

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30
Q

Vestibular folds are hugely involved in phonation

A

False, little or no involvement in phonation

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31
Q

List the extrinsic ligaments

A

Thyrohyoid membrane & cricotracheal membrane

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32
Q

Located thyrohyoid membrane

A

Upper thyroid cartilage to hyoid

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33
Q

What are the lateral thickenings of thyrohyoid membrane?

A

Thyrohyoid ligaments

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34
Q

Where does cricotracheal membrane stretch to?

A

Cricoid cartilage to trachea

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35
Q

Location of intrinsic ligaments of larynx

A

Situated internally between mucosal lining of larynx & cartilage/muscle of larynx

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36
Q

Upper part of intrinsic ligament of larynx?

A

Quadrangular membrane

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37
Q

Free inferior margin of intrinsic ligament of larynx forms ?

A

Vestibular ligament

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38
Q

Lower part of intrinsic ligament of larynx?

A

Cricothyroid membrane

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39
Q

Free superior margin of intrinsic ligament of larynx?

A

Vocal ligament

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40
Q

Vocalis muscle is just lateral to intrinsic ligaments of larynx

A

True

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41
Q

Function of extrinsic muscles of larynx

A

Move entire larynx up or down

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42
Q

Function of intrinsic muscles of larynx

A

Vary rima glottis & inlet, varies tension on ligaments

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43
Q

All intrinsic muscles of larynx are paired

A

False, transverse arytenoid is not paired

44
Q

Intrinsic muscles are visible on superficial surface of intact larynx

A

True

45
Q

Cricothyroid muscle relationship?

A

Superficial surface of arch of cricoid to deep surface of thyroid lamina & inferior horn

46
Q

What do aryepiglottic muscles form?

A

Aryepiglottic folds

47
Q

Where do aryepiglottic muscles extend to?

A

Extend from apex of arytenoids cartilages to sides of epiglottis

48
Q

Aryepiglottic muscles are continuous with:

A
  • Oblique arytenoid muscles
  • Transverse arytenoid muscle
  • Posterior cricoarytenoids
  • Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
  • thyroarytenoid muscle
  • Thyroepiglottis
49
Q

Attachment of deep or posterior to thyroid cartilage intrinsic muscles?

A

Most are attached to muscular process of arytenoid cartilage (except aryepiglottis & thyroepiglottis)

50
Q

Attachment of oblique arytenoid muscles:

A

Muscular process of one arytenoid cartilage to apex of opposite one

51
Q

Oblique arytenoid muscles are superficial to:

A
  • Transverse arytenoid muscles
  • posterior cricoarytenoids
  • lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
  • thyroarytenoid muscles
  • thyroepiglottis
52
Q

Attachment of transverse arytenoid muscle

A

from backs of muscular processes, crosses gap between arytenoid cartilages

53
Q

Attachment of posterior cricoarytenoids

A

post cricoid to muscular process of arytenoid

54
Q

Attachment of lateral cricoarytenoid muscles

A

Arch of cricoid back and up to muscular process arytenoid

55
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles are deep to cricothyroid and has different attachments

A

True

56
Q

Cricothyroid (superficial) are same as lateral cricoarytenoid muscles (deep)

A

False

57
Q

Attachment of thyroarytenoid muscles

A

Inner surface of lamina of thyroid cartilage (anteriorly) to VOCAL PROCESS OF arytenoid cartilage (posteriorly)

58
Q

Thyroarytenoid muscle has a medial extension that forms _______________

A

Vocalis muscle in vocal fold

59
Q

Attachment of thyroepiglottis muscle

A

Inner surface of thyroid cartilage to epiglottis (some fibres may intertwine with aryepiglottis)

60
Q

List muscles which vary shape or width of rima glottis (opening between vocal folds)

A
  • Abductors and posterior cricoarytenoids

- Adductors & sphincters & lateral cricoarytenoids, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoids

61
Q

Function of abductors

A

Move vocal folds apart

62
Q

Function of adductors & sphincters

A

Move vocal folds together & close the inlet

63
Q

Function of lateral cricoarytenoids

A

Rotate vocal processes of arytenoids medially

64
Q

Function of transverse arytenoid

A

pull arytenoids together

65
Q

Function of cricothyroids?

A

Tense/tighten vocal folds by lengthening and tensing

66
Q

Function of thyroarytenoids & vocalis muscle

A

Shorten and relax allows relaxation of vocal folds

67
Q

Name muscles that close inlet - sphincter

A
  • Aryepiglottics

- Oblique arytenoids

68
Q

Name muscle that widen inlet

A

thyroepiglottics

69
Q

Name extrinsic muscles of larynx that raise larynx and compress laryngeal orifice

A
  • Thyrohyoid
  • Stylopharangeus
  • Palatopharangeus
70
Q

Location of thyrohyoid

A

Thyroid cartilage to hyoid

71
Q

Location of stylopharangeus

A

Styloid to posterior border of thyroid cartilage, some fibres blend with pharyngeal constrictors

72
Q

Location of palatopharangeus

A

Soft palate & salpingopharangeus to posterior border of thyroid cartilage

73
Q

Sternothyroid function?

A

Lowers larynx and opens orifice

74
Q

Location of sternothyroid

A

Thyroid cartilage to sternum

75
Q

Vagus nerve leaves skull via?

A

Jugular foramen

76
Q

Vagus nerve has a close relationship with?

A

Carotids & presence of recurrent laryngeal branches

77
Q

On the left side in the thorax, the vagus crosses the ?

A

Crosses anterior surface of the arch of the aorta & gives off the recurrent laryngeal nerve which loops under the arch of the aorta.

78
Q

On right side in the thorax, the vagus crosses the?

A

Crosses anterior surface of the subclavian artery & gives off the recurrent laryngeal nerve which then loops under the artery

79
Q

On both sides, the recurrent laryngeal nerves run in the groove between?

A

Oesophagus & trachea & then pass deep to the thyroid gland

80
Q

In the thorax, both vagi divide up into plexuses (_____________) and then form anterior and posterior vagal trunks and finally enter the abdomen on the oesophagus

A

Cardiac, pulmonary and oesophageal plexuses

81
Q

Functions of recurrent laryngeal nerves?

A

Motor, parasympathetic, sensory to part of auricle, pharynx, larynx and structures in thorax and abdomen

82
Q

Superior laryngeal nerve arises from? And crosses what?

A

Arises from upper vagus, and crosses lateral surface of superior constrictor of pharynx

83
Q

Superior laryngeal nerve forms what two major branches?

A

Internal and external branch

84
Q

Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve passes under _____ and through _______?

A

Thyrohyoid muscle, thyrohyoid membrane

85
Q

Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve supplies?

A

Mucosa to level of and including vocal folds

86
Q

Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve is accompanied by?

A

Superior laryngeal branch of superior thyroid artery which is a branch of external carotid artery

87
Q

External branch of superior laryngeal nerve passes under?

A

Sternohyoid muscle,

88
Q

What does external branch of superior laryngeal nerve supply?

A

Cricothyroid and inferior constrictor of pharynx

89
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve ascends in groove between trachea and thyroid cartilage

A

False, it’s between trachea and oesophagus

90
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve is behind thyroid and passes deep to lower border of inferior constrictor to enter larynx

A

True

91
Q

What does recurrent laryngeal nerve supply?

A

All laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid and mucus membrane below vocal fold

92
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve is accompanied by

A

Inferior laryngeal branch of inferior thyroidal artery

93
Q

Inferior laryngeal branch of inferior thyroidal artery is a branch of?

A

thyrocervical trunk

94
Q

Veins of larynx drain into?

A

Superior and inferior thyroid veins

95
Q

Lymph vessels of larynx drain into?

A

Deep cervical nodes

96
Q

Thyroid gland is an endocrine gland

A

True

97
Q

Two lateral lobes of thyroid gland is joined laterally by an isthmus

A

False, joined medially

98
Q

Thyroid gland may also have an extra pyramidal lobe

A

True

99
Q

Lobes extend from thyroid cartilage of larynx to?

A

4th or 5th tracheal cartilage

100
Q

Thyroid gland is deep to infrahyoid muscles

A

True

101
Q

Thyroid gland produces what?

A

Thyroid hormones and calcitonin (reduces blood calcium)

102
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there usually?

A

4

103
Q

Parathyroid glands are closely associated with?

A

Posterior surface of the thyroid

104
Q

Parathyroid hormone function?

A

Elevates blood calcium

105
Q

Thyroid and parathyroids are in close proximity to the ?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerves

Head and Neck Anatomy (13 decks)

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