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Imunology > Lectures 20 and 21 - Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Lectures 20 and 21 - Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

these 5 things can result from an excessive amount of antibodies

A

-autoimmunity
-allergies
-cancer
-lymphoid tumors
-increased infections

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2
Q

tolerance is primarily directed against _______-_________ from normal tissues

A

self-antigens

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3
Q

__________ ____________ is the unresponsiveness of immune system to antigens

A

immunological tolerance

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4
Q

immature lymphocytes become tolerant to an antigen if they encounter it…

A

early in fetal life

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5
Q

the unresponsiveness of the immune system to antigens; primarily directed against self-antigens from normal tissues

A

tolerance

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6
Q

immature lymphocytes become tolerant to an antigen if they encounter it:

a) early in fetal life
b) as an adult

A

a) early in fetal life

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7
Q

reciprocal skin grafts taking in dizygotic twins with a fused placenta is an example of ___________ due to encountering the (skin) antigens early in fetal life

A

tolerance

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8
Q

apoptosis/clonal deletion during development into a mature T cell, occurring within the thymus early in life

a) Central Tolerance
b) Peripheral Tolerance

A

a) Central Tolerance

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9
Q

anergy, apoptosis, or T cell regulation due to low doses of antigen or lack of co-stimulation

a) Central Tolerance
b) Peripheral Tolerance

A

b) Peripheral Tolerance

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10
Q

anergy is part of [central/peripheral] tolerance

A

central tolerance

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11
Q

Treg cells can result from the process of

a) Central Tolerance
b) Peripheral Tolerance

A

a) Central Tolerance

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12
Q

mechanism of self-tolerance in B cells & T cells; state of inability to be activated by antigen; occurs when antigen is met without co-stimulation

A

anergy

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13
Q

strong recognition of self-antigens by immature T cells in the thymus may lead to…….

A

negative selection or deletion, or the development of regulatory T cells that enter peripheral tissues

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14
Q

the presence or absence of ___________ is a major factor determining whether T cells are activated or tolerized

A

co-stimulation

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15
Q

absence of co-stimulatory molecules on APCs result in T-cell ___________

A

anergy

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16
Q

___________ in T cells refers to long-lived functional inactivation that occurs when these cells recognize antigens without adequate levels of co-stimulators that are needed for full T cell activation

A

antigens

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17
Q

t/f: anergy is destined for even responsive lymphocytes when 48-72 hrs later the inhibitory receptors are expressed and preferentially bind CD80/86

A

true

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18
Q

Treg cells suppress and block activation using all of the following except:
[select 2]
a) IL-10
b) IL-23
c) IL-35
d) TGFB
e) TNFa

A

b) IL-23
e) TNFa

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19
Q

what results in the best antibody production:

a) Low doses of antigen
b) Moderate doses of antigen
c) High doses of antigen
d) Absence of antigen

A

b) Moderate doses of antigen

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20
Q

which utilizes primarily peripheral tolerance?

a) T cells
b) B cells
c) Both

A

b) B cells

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21
Q

which are harder to tolerize due to there being several opportunities for them to generate self-reactivity

a) B cells
b) T cells

A

a) B cells

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22
Q

B cells are regulated peripherally by all of the following except:

a) Apoptosis
b) Clonal anergy
c) Clonal exhaustion
d) Blockage of BCRs
e) Presence of T cell help

A

e) Presence of T cell help

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23
Q

transcriptional factor associated with Treg cells

A

FOXP3

24
Q

t/f: Treg cells can activate B cells and NK cells

A

false - they inhibit

25
Q

t/f: Treg cells activate other T-cell responses

A

false - they inhibit

26
Q

these cells play an important role in regulating the immune system and maintaining the balance between periphery and immunity

A

Treg Cells

27
Q

self-reactive B cells will not make autoantibodies if:
[select 2]
a) APCs & Helper Ts present
b) APCs & Helper Ts absent
c) Treg present
d) Treg absent

A

b) APCs & Helper Ts absent
c) Treg present

28
Q

B cells are difficult to maintain in a tolerant state, thus efforts to maintain tolerance focus on:

a) High-affinity self reactive B cells
b) Low-affinity self reactive B cells

A

a) High-affinity self reactive B cells

29
Q

in the absence of _____ cells, multiorgan autoimmune disease results

A

Treg cells

30
Q

Treg cells express ____ and ____

A

CD4 and CD25 (CD25 is 1 chain of IL-2 receptor)

31
Q

all activated T cells express CD25, but only _____ cells express it when naive

A

Treg cells

32
Q

____ is the specialized transcription factor for Treg cells

A

FOXP3

33
Q

these types of Treg cells originate in the thymus and act by direct cell to cell contact and deliver immunosuppressive molecules through gap junctions

A

natural Treg cells (Treg)

34
Q

these types of Treg cells are produced in secondary lymphoid organs, especially the intestine and act by using immunosuppressive molecules

A

induced Treg cells (Treg)

35
Q

IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-B are what type of cytokines?

A

immunosuppressives

36
Q

this cell suppresses T cells and macrophage function

A

Treg cells

37
Q

CTLA4 (CD152) binds to _______ leads to an apoptosis-inducing molecule

A

TRAIL

38
Q

what is Galectin 1?

A

cell cycle inhibitor

39
Q

IL-10 suppresses [Treg cells/macrophages] and enhances [Treg/macrophages]

A

suppresses macrophages
enhances Treg

40
Q

IL-17 [promotes/suppresses] inflammation

A

promotes

41
Q

how do very high doses of antigen cause tolerance?

a) induce clonal exhaustion
b) induce clonal anergy via immune paralysis

A

a) induce clonal exhaustion

42
Q

B cells subjected to repeated antigenic stimulation may differentiate into short-lived plasma cells; once they are all plasma cells there are no memory B cells left and therefore tolerance is achieved…this is called:

A

clonal exhaustion

43
Q

antibodies tend to regulate antibody production through ____________ ______________ mechanisms

*this explains maternal immunity preventing successful vaccination of neonates

A

negative feedback

44
Q

which are paired correctly:
[select all that apply]
a) nTregs = tTregs
b) iTregs = pTregs
c) nTregs = pTregs
d) iTregs = tTregs

A

a) nTregs = tTregs
b) iTregs = pTregs

45
Q

in addition to using gap junctions to deliver granzymes and perforin, and using membrane cytokines, nTregs/tTregs also use _____________ reverse signaling through CD80 to suppress

A

CTLA-4 (aka CD152)

46
Q

iTregs/pTregs act using:

a) Direct Contact: (TGFβ, perforins, granzymes, TRAIL)
b) Immunosuppressive molecules (TGFβ, IL10, IL35, PE2)

A

b) Immunosuppressive molecules (TGFβ, IL10, IL35, PE2)

47
Q

what substance comes form gut microbiota metabolism and (with Il2/TGFβ) can make iTregs?

A

retinoic acid

48
Q

what effect does Treg cells have on macrophages?

a) Inhibit macrophage activation & cytokine secretion via IL-10
b) Inhibit macrophage activation & cytokine secretion via TGFβ
c) Stimulate macrophage activation & cytokine secretion via both IL-10 and TGFβ
d) Inhibit macrophage activation & cytokine secretion via both IL-10 and TGFβ

A

d) Inhibit macrophage activation & cytokine secretion via both IL-10 and TGFβ

49
Q

suppresses macrophages, TH1 cells, TH2 cells, DCs, NK cells, and TH17 production while enhancing Treg

a) IL-10
b) IL-35
c) TGFβ

A

a) IL-10

50
Q

regulates T cell activation, B cell function, and macrophages // reduces cell proliferation and differentiation in general

a) IL-10
b) IL-35
c) TGFβ

A

c) TGFβ

51
Q

what are the 3 effects of TH17 releasing IL-17?

A

1) Induce G-CSF & GM-CSF to create more neutrophils and macrophages

2) Stimulate epithelium to release IL-6

3) Stimulate TH cells and Macrophages to release chemokines that mobilize neutrophils and promote inflammation

52
Q

why does immune privilege exist?

A

collateral damage accompanying typical immune responses would irreplaceably damage these highly sensitive tissues

53
Q

phenomenon in which an adaptive response that has the potential to cause direct or indirect tissue damage is converted to a less harmful response

A

immune deviation
ex: eyes are very sensitive to TH1 response so they direct a TH2 response

54
Q

what is central tolerance?

A

when self-reactive T cells are killed

55
Q

this is the back up to central tolerance where T cells are “turned off” by inappropriate signaling

A

peripheral tolerance

56
Q

which are harder to tolerize?

a) B cells
b) T cells

A

a) B cells

Imunology (10 decks)

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