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Imunology > Lecture 22 (Microbiota & the Immune System) > Flashcards

Lecture 22 (Microbiota & the Immune System) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 effects of butyrate from gut microbiota on promoting regulatory responses of the immune system:
a) Suppress: Macrophages or CTLs?
b) Promote: TH17 or Treg production?
c) Stimulate or Inhibit mucus production?

A

a) Suppress macrophages
b) Promote Treg production
c) Stimulate mucus production

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2
Q

what is the microbiome inhabiting animal’s bodies?

A

-collection of microbes (microbiota) that includes bacteria, viruses, and eukaryotes

-often referred to as ‘normal flora’

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3
Q

what bacteria is commonly seen to overgrow after long antibiotics treatment causes dysbiosis?
a) Bacteriodes fragilis
b) Bacillus coagulans
c) Clostridium difficile
d) Psudomonas spp.

A

c) Clostridium difficile

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4
Q

explain the importance of Vitamin D in immunity to mycobacterium

A

macrophages can convert Vitamin D into Cathelicidins that kill bacteria

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5
Q

An exaggerated TH2 response causes equine asthma. How is the immune response shifted to Treg (less inflammatory)?

a) mutation of TLR molecule
b) activation of eosinophils
c) stabling only outside
d) the protective effects of low doses of inhaled microbial antigens

A

d) the protective effects of low doses of inhaled microbial antigens

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6
Q

list the 5 clinical examples of dysbiosis

A
  1. infections
  2. allergies
  3. inflammation
  4. obesity
  5. immune dysregulation
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7
Q

the microbiome inhabiting an animal’s body originated from the ___________, __________, or _________ and developed a relationship on and within the body

A

mother, environment, or food

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8
Q

_______________ treatments destroy both ‘good’ and ‘bad’ bacteria in the microbiome

A

antibiotics

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9
Q

t/f: good bacteria of the microbiota are needed for optimal health

A

true

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10
Q

overuse of antibiotics causes….

A

antibiotic-resistant bacteria

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11
Q

what is one of the biggest threats to global health, sickening an estimated 2 million people in the U.S. each year?

A

antibiotic-resistant bacteria

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12
Q

there is strong evidence that some resistance in bacteria is caused by antibiotic use in ________ animals

A

food animals (cattle, poultry, swine)

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13
Q

what surfaces are populated with helpful microbes?

A

-skin
-respiratory tract
-parts of the genitourinary tract
-within the gastrointestinal tract

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14
Q

in the animal’s body, it is estimated that about half of all the cells are ___________

A

microbial

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15
Q

animals can use genes in the ____________ to utilize foods by extracting energy from plants and obtain essential vitamins

A

microbiota

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16
Q

what are some examples of a commensal relationship existing?

A

-termites and their flagellates
-pinworms in rabbits and tortoises

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17
Q

what is a commensal relationship?

A

-exist together without harming each other
-one species benefits while the other is unaffected

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18
Q

Barries:
-naturally occurring
-usually an epithelial surface
a) first line of defense
b) second line of defense
c) third line of defense

A

a) first line of defense

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19
Q

Innate Defenses:
-general defenses
-carried out by macrophages
-protects against any pathogen
a) first line of defense
b) second line of defense
c) third line of defense

A

b) second line of defense

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20
Q

Adaptive Defenses:
-known as “immunity”
-specific responses for each pathogen
-carried out by lymphocytes
a) first line of defense
b) second line of defense
c) third line of defense

A

c) third line of defense

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21
Q

what three things influence ‘health’?

A

-born with it: genetics
-acquire it: from mother/diet
-facts of life: infections, stress, cancers, allergies

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22
Q

the body is colonized by a variety of microorganisms. these microorganisms can be beneficial by ____1____ the immune system and ____2____ the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, or they can be pathogenic by ____3____ in affected tissues

A
  1. educating
  2. inhibiting
  3. producing disease
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23
Q

role of immune system:
co-exist with ___________ while at the same time controlling any inadvertent invasion by opportunistic pathogens through breaks in the epithelial barriers

A

microbiota

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24
Q

the diverse microbial landscape on ________ is essential for all animals, as it helps maintain essential oils and plays “guard” in the first line of immune defense

A

skin

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25
Q

there are many skin diseases that may alter skin microbe colonization, such as ___________ ____________

A

atopic dermatitis

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26
Q

what is one of the most common skin infections in dogs (and people)?

A

atopic dermatitis

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27
Q

dogs that do develop atopic dermatitis have an increased sensitivity to many __________

A

allergens

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28
Q

additionally, many dogs with allergic atopic dermatitis are subject to _________ _______ _________

A

bacterial skin infections

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29
Q

the normal skin microbiota is necessary for optimal skin function, modulating the [innate/adaptive] immune response, and preventing ______________ with potentially pathogenic microorganisms

A

innate; colonization

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30
Q

the changes in the cutaneous microbiota causing atopic dermatitis have been proposed to be due to different mechanisms, such as an altered epidermal barrier function, ____________ mutations, reduced levels of antimicrobial peptides, and/or an increased expression of extracellular metric proteins

A

Toll-like receptor 2 mutations

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31
Q

atopic dermatitis is both a hypersensitivity reaction and dogs with atopic dermatitis often suffer from secondary bacterial and/or fungal infections, most commonly due to ______________ _____________

A

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

32
Q

t/f: the lungs are sterile

A

false

33
Q

healthy lungs harbor a complex ___________, closely related to but much less dense than that found in the upper respiratory tract

A

microbiota

34
Q

the airway microbiota plays a role in resistance to __________ _________ as well as the development of asthma and probably chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

respiratory infections

35
Q

in the absence of the microbiota, the airways are prone to mount exaggerated _________ responses

A

TH2

36
Q

t/f: the Hygiene Hypothesis states that you should be hygienic at all times

A

false

37
Q

in the absence of the microbiota, the airways are prone to mount exaggerated TH2 responses. the presence of a microbiota induces _________ activity that suppresses this

A

Treg

38
Q

which of the following are sterile environments?

a) the lungs
b) the bladder
c) the newborn’s GIT
d) all of the above

A

c) the newborn’s GIT

39
Q

Dysbiosis in the lung microbiota is associated with:

a) Exaggerated TH1 response
b) Exaggerated TH2 response
c) Exaggerated Treg response

A

b) Exaggerated TH2 response

40
Q

t/f: the canine urinary bladder is a sterile environment

A

false

41
Q

t/f: the canine urinary bladder possesses its own unique and diverse microbiota compared to the rectal and genital microbiota

A

true

42
Q

the predominant bacterial genus for either sex in the urine and genital tracts was __________________

A

Pseudomonas sp.

43
Q

what is dysbiosis?

A

microbial imbalance

44
Q

subfertile women are more often diagnosed with a vaginal _________ compared with fertile women

A

dysbiosis

45
Q

in the reproductive tract, there is protection via ______-______ producing bacteria that keeps pathogens from growing

A

lactic-acid

46
Q

________ is considered as one of the most frequent causes of subfertility in mares

A

endometritis

47
Q

in a comparison of healthy cows to cows with either metritis or endometritis, a reduced bacterial diversity is seen in cows with __________ disease

A

uterine

48
Q

t/f: the function of the microbiome in the reproductive tract is not yet fully understood

A

true

49
Q

it has been estimated that the canine small intestine harbors more than _____ different bacterial species, while the canine colon may house up to a thousand species

A

200

50
Q

disturbances in rumen metabolism, often caused by feeding very ______________ diets, results in changes in the ruminal microbiota

A

high-energy diets

51
Q

disturbances in rumen metabolism, often caused by feeding very high-energy diets, results in changes in the ruminal microbiota, leading to what three things?

A

-an increase in fatty acid and ethanol production

-a drop in rumen pH

-the development of subacute rumen acidosis

52
Q

changes in the ruminal microbiota can lead to an increase in fatty acid and ethanol production, a drop in rumen pH, and the development of subacute rumen acidosis. this in turn results in what three additional things?

A

-local inflammation

-opening of intercellular junctions

-a disruption in the barrier function of the ruminal squamous epithelium

53
Q

hindgut fermenters:
under certain conditions such as carbohydrate overload, the microbiota of the large gut change drastically, as a result of which their pH drops and bacterial PAMPs escape into the bloodstream. this can result in the development of…

A

acute laminitis

54
Q

identify the functional role of the microbiota seen when a foal eats feces

a) nutritional efficiency
b) intestinal protection
c) lymphoid development
d) signaling function

A

a) nutritional efficiency
*there are things in the mare’s manure that help foals digest their food - helping with nutritional efficiency

55
Q

with ___% of the body’s immune system residing in the gastrointestinal tract, we can easily deduct that its health is paramount to the proper functioning of the entire body

A

80%

56
Q

t/f: at birth, the digestive tract is sterile

A

true

57
Q

why do foals eat their mother’s manure?

A

-establish/replenish their digestive flora
-promoting a healthy life

58
Q

aside from horses, what other species purposefully consume each other’s feces?

A

-rabbits
-koalas
-rhinos
-lizards

59
Q

identify the functional role of the microbiota (seen in image on quizlet)

a) nutritional efficiency
b) intestinal protection
c) lymphoid development
d) signaling function

A

b) intestinal protection

60
Q

how does microbiota protect the intestines?

A

blocks colonization by pathogenic bacteria by covering the surface and secreting inhibiting substances such as acids

61
Q

aside from teaching/research, what is the purpose of a canulated/fistulated cow?

A

can be used as a source of microbiota to transfer to another cow that is sick = microbiome restorative therapy

62
Q

t/f: germ-free animals have larger peyer’s patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, more CD4+ T cells; therefore, more B cells and IgA production

A

false:

*smaller peyer’s patches
*less CD4+ T cells
*less B cells and IgA production

63
Q

_________ is a short-chain fatty acid that suppress macrophages and promote Treg production, influences noble cell differentiation, and mucus production

A

Butyrate

64
Q

intestinal helper T cell phenotypes are “plastic,” and precursor cells can differentiate into either ________ or _______ cells

A

Treg or Th17

65
Q

chemicals produced by the microbiota do not stimulate the dendritic cells to produce inflammatory cytokines and instead produce ________ down regulating inflammation with _____________

A

IL-10; FOXP3 + Treg

66
Q

lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents, symbiotic microorganisms, and parasites [decreases/increases] susceptibility to allergic diseases by suppressing the natural development of the immune system

A

increases

67
Q

preventing or eliminating an animal’s exposure and colonization of bacteria into its microbiome cause __________

A

dysbiosis

68
Q

____________ treatment is an important cause of dysbiosis

A

antibiotic

69
Q

equine laminitis:
limited ability to digest starch in small intestine. get overspill to hind gut, where starch is instead ___________ releasing toxins into the blood stream which inflame the capillaries of the lamina

A

fermented

70
Q

rumen acidosis:
feeding of rapidly digestible carbohydrates (grains) when fermented increases and eventually can over produce D-lactate causing pH to [increase/decrease]

A

decrease

71
Q

inflammatory bowel disease in dogs:
symptoms?

A

presents with a history of chronic vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss

72
Q

Rumen dysbiosis in cattle is caused by:

a) drinking contaminated water
b) high COH diet
c) not getting milked in time
d) cold weather

A

b) high COH diet

73
Q

inflammatory bowel disease in dogs:
breed predispositions?

A

-Weimaraners
-Rottweilers
-German Shepherds
-Border Collies
-Boxers

74
Q

microbiota are mostly non-pathogenic organisms. their presence allows the immune system to: (2)

A
  1. ‘see’ important bacterial components
  2. prepare the immune system to react to pathogens without causing inflammation themselves
75
Q

if the microbiota is disrupted by infections, using antibiotics, or high COH diets, __________ occurs

A

dysbiosis

Imunology (10 decks)

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