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Imunology > Lecture 23 (Evasion of the Immune Response by Pathogens) > Flashcards

Lecture 23 (Evasion of the Immune Response by Pathogens) Flashcards

1
Q

bacteria can interfere with TLR signaling pathways in many different ways and at many different positions. this can include redirecting the signaling pathways from ______________ to ________________ pathways

A

pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory

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2
Q

__________ is a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, cytokine production, and cell survival

A

NF-kB

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3
Q

IL-10

a) pro-inflammatory cytokine
b) anti-inflammatory cytokine

A

b) anti-inflammatory cytokine

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4
Q

IL-1, IL-6, TNFα

a) pro-inflammatory cytokines
b) anti-inflammatory cytokines

A

a) pro-inflammatory cytokines

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5
Q

Brucella synthesizes a protein called ________ that closely resembles the mammalian Toll/IL-1 receptor

A

TcpB

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6
Q

Brucella synthesizes a protein called TcpB. as a result, it causes accelerated ______________ of an adaptor protein and blocks the _______ signaling pathway

A

degradation; TLR

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7
Q

a mitogen-activated protein kinase is a type of protein kinase that is specific to the amino acids ___________ and _________

A

serine and threonine

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8
Q

____________ are involved in directing cellular responses to a diverse array of stimuli, such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock, and pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

MAPKs

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9
Q

impairs the regulation
a) P. aeruginosa
b) B. anthracis
c) Shigella spp.
d) Yersinia spp.

A

a) P. aeruginosa

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10
Q

proteolysis of MKK
a) P. aeruginosa
b) B. anthracis
c) Shigella spp.
d) Yersinia spp

A

b) B. anthracis

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11
Q

elimination of MAPK
a) P. aeruginosa
b) B. anthracis
c) Shigella spp.
d) Yersinia spp.

A

c) Shigella spp.

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12
Q

acetylation of MAPK
a) P. aeruginosa
b) B. anthracis
c) Shigella spp.
d) Yersinia spp.

A

d) Yersinia spp.

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13
Q

misdirection of signaling pathways occurs when products from Candida, Yersinia, or Mycobacteria trigger signaling through TLR2, leading to production of ____________

A

IL-10

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14
Q

Staphylokinase from S. aureus can bind and…
a) neutralize defensins
b) destroy cathelicidins
c) decrease defensin activity d) block β-defensin expression by airway epithelial cells

A

a) neutralize defensins

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15
Q

Staphylococcal enzyme aureolysin…

a) neutralizes defensins
b) destroys cathelicidins
c) decreases defensin activity
d) blocks β-defensin expression by airway epithelial cell

A

b) destroys cathelicidins

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16
Q

Salmonella can bind and….

a) neutralize defensins
b) destroy cathelicidins
c) decrease defensin activity d) block β-defensin expression by airway epithelial cells

A

c) decrease defensin activity

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17
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide…
a) neutralizes defensins
b) destroys cathelicidins
c) decreases defensin activity
d) blocks β-defensin expression by airway epithelial cells

A

d) blocks β-defensin expression by airway epithelial cells

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18
Q

S. aureus inhibits phagocytosis by expressing ______________, which binds to Fc portion of IgG, so it prevents antibodies to bind to the Fc receptor on phagocytic cells or activating the classical complement pathway

A

Protein A

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19
Q

encapsulated bacteria such as Pneumococci possess a thick ______________ capsule that phagocytes find difficult to bind

A

hydrophilic

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20
Q

Streptococci produce M protein which can bind ___________ and masks C3b-binding sites

A

fibrinogen

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21
Q

M protein also binds factor H, inactivating bound _______

A

C3b

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22
Q

several gram-negative bacteria of veterinary importance, such as Mannheimia hemolytica and Fusobacterium necrophorum, secrete _____________ that kill leukocytes, especially granulocytes

A

leukotoxins

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23
Q

the most important leukotoxins are the ___________ proteins

A

RTX (“repeats in toxin”)

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24
Q

M. hemolytica secretes a __________ toxin that kills ruminant neutrophils, alveolar macrophages, and lymphocytes

A

RTX

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25
Q

gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella, Pseudomonas species, and E. coli have developed an elaborate needle complex – a _________ ___ _____________ system – to convey effector molecules directly into the cytosol of the effector cells

A

type III secretion system

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26
Q

L. monocytogenes is taken up by induced phagocytosis, which is thought to be mediated by a membrane associated protein called ________________

A

internalin

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27
Q

_____________ ___________ is an important mechanism used by pathogenic microorganisms for escaping the neutralizing activities of antibodies

A

antigenic variation

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28
Q

the “relapses” of relapsing fever caused by spirochete, __________ ___________, are a result of antigenic variation by the organism

A

Borrelia recurrentis

29
Q

________ viruses have a small genome, so they don’t have room to accommodate genes dedicated to suppressing immunity

A

RNA

30
Q

RNA virus proteins are multifunctional and they tend to rely on __________ _________ for immune evasion

A

antigenic variation

31
Q

_____ viruses have a larger genome and can afford to devote many different genes to immune evasion

A

DNA

32
Q

in larger DNA viruses, up to half of the total genome may be devoted to ___________________ genes

A

immunoregulatory

33
Q

some viruses (human Hepatitis C) block the effect of _________ by making soluble receptors of interferons or by blocking the activities of IL-12 and IL-18

A

IFNγ

34
Q

some viruses make their own version of cytokines and chemokines, these are called ___________ or __________ // these interfere with the normal functioning of host cytokines

A

virokines or immunoevasins

35
Q

immunoevasins are produced by viruses that interfere with the processing of antigens that bind to [MHC I/MHC II] class molecules

A

MHC I

36
Q

viruses down regulate MHC class I expression to escape detection by T cells, but they still can be detected by _______ cells

A

NK cells

37
Q

gradual change in the antigenicity of a virus as a result of mutations and selection

a) antigenic drift
b) antigenic shift

A

a) antigenic drift

38
Q

a sudden, major genetic change in which a new strain develops as a result of recombination between two virus strains

a) antigenic drift
b) antigenic shift

A

b) antigenic shift

39
Q

examples of viruses that infect lymphocytes and either kill them or impair their ability to function normally

A

-HIV
-FIV
-canine distemper virus
-feline leukemia virus

40
Q

a state of reversible nonproductive infection is called _________

A

latency

41
Q

latency is a consistent feature of what virus?

A

herpesviruses

42
Q

t/f: during latency, a small number of viral genes are expressed and are not detected by the immune system

A

true

43
Q

M. hemolytica and BHV-1 acting together, cause severe respiratory disease in ___________

A

cattle

44
Q

BHV-1 infection [decreases/increases] expression of an integrin on lung neutrophils

A

increases

45
Q

what do immunoevasins/virokines do?

a) down regulate MHC I expression
b) allow for possible new host compatibility
c) interfere in host cytokines causing suppression of the immune response

A

c) interfere in host cytokines causing suppression of the immune response

46
Q

match the example pathogen with how it interferes with the TLR signaling pathway: Leptospira
a) modify PAMPs to not be recognized
b) accelerate destruction of intermediate signals via TcpB
c) destroy MAPK so transcription factors never turned on
d) redirects cytokines synthesis to IL-10 rather than inflammatory

A

a) modify PAMPs to not be recognized

47
Q

match the example pathogen with how it interferes with the TLR signaling pathway: Brucella
a) modify PAMPs to not be recognized
b) Accelerate destruction of intermediate signals via TcpB
c) Destroy MAPK so transcription factors never turned on
D) Redirects cytokines synthesis to IL-10 rather than inflammatory

A

b) Accelerate destruction of intermediate signals via TcpB

48
Q

match the example pathogen with how it interferes with the TLR signaling pathway: Shigella spp. and Yersina spp.
a) modify PAMPs to not be recognized
b) Accelerate destruction of intermediate signals via TcpB
c) Destroy MAPK so transcription factors never turned on
D) Redirects cytokines synthesis to IL-10 rather than inflammatory

A

c) Destroy MAPK so transcription factors never turned on

49
Q

match the example pathogen with how it interferes with the TLR signaling pathway: Candida sp, Yersina sp. and Mycobacteria sp.
a) modify PAMPs to not be recognized
b) accelerate destruction of intermediate signals via TcpB
c) destroy MAPK so transcription factors never turned on
d) redirects cytokines synthesis to IL-10 rather than inflammatory

A

d) redirects cytokines synthesis to IL-10 rather than inflammatory

50
Q

what mechanism to avoid being phagocytosed is utilized by: Staph aureaus
a) Protein A, which competitively binds the Fc portion of Ab
b) thick hydrophilic capsule
c) M protein to avoid opsonization
d) Factor H binding to mask C3b and block MAC
e) Type III secretion system (injection of modulators)
f) kill the phagocytes w/ leukotoxins

A

a) Protein A, which competitively binds the Fc portion of Ab

51
Q

what mechanism to avoid being phagocytosed is utilized by: Pneumococci
a) Protein A, which competitively binds the Fc portion of Ab
b) thick hydrophilic capsule
c) M protein to avoid opsonization
d) Factor H binding to mask C3b and block MAC
e) Type III secretion system (injection of modulators)
f) kill the phagocytes w/ leukotoxins

A

b) thick hydrophilic capsule

52
Q

what mechanism to avoid being phagocytosed is utilized by: Streptococci
a) Protein A, which competitively binds the Fc portion of Ab
b) thick hydrophilic capsule
c) M protein to avoid opsonization
d) Factor H binding to mask C3b and block MAC
e) Type III secretion system (injection of modulators)
f) kill the phagocytes w/ leukotoxins

A

c) M protein to avoid opsonization

53
Q

what mechanism to avoid being phagocytosed is utilized by: Borrelia burgdorferi and Leptospira
a) Protein A, which competitively binds the Fc portion of Ab
b) thick hydrophilic capsule
c) M protein to avoid opsonization
d) Factor H binding to mask C3b and block MAC
e) Type III secretion system (injection of modulators)
f) kill the phagocytes w/ leukotoxins

A

d) Factor H binding to mask C3b and block MAC

54
Q

what mechanism to avoid being phagocytosed is utilized by: Salmonella, E.coli, and Pseudomonas
a) Protein A, which competitively binds the Fc portion of Ab
b) thick hydrophilic capsule
c) M protein to avoid opsonization
d) Factor H binding to mask C3b and block MAC
e) Type III secretion system (injection of modulators)
f) kill the phagocytes w/ leukotoxins

A

e) Type III secretion system (injection of modulators)

55
Q

what mechanism to avoid being phagocytosed is utilized by: Mannheimia hemolytica and Fusobacterium necrophorum
a) Protein A, which competitively binds the Fc portion of Ab
b) thick hydrophilic capsule
c) M protein to avoid opsonization
d) Factor H binding to mask C3b and block MAC
e) Type III secretion system (injection of modulators)
f) kill the phagocytes w/ leukotoxins

A

f) kill the phagocytes w/ leukotoxins

56
Q

Listeria monocytogenes is taken up into even non-phagocytic cells and this is mediated by what?

A

Internalin

57
Q

once ingested, Listeria monocytogenes produces what that allows it to escape the phagosome?

A

Listeriolysin (LLO)

58
Q

what immune evasion mechanism is utilized by human hepatitis C?

a) virokines/immunoevasins
b) block expression of MHC I
c) decrease MICB expression
d) alter T cell function specifically

A

a) virokines/immunoevasins

59
Q

HIV, FIV, and FeLV combat the immune system by:

a) infecting lymphocytes and impairing their ability to function
b) using a period of latency to hide then recrudescing when system is stressed
c) producing enzymes that inhibit apoptosis

A

a) infecting lymphocytes and impairing their ability to function

60
Q

Herpesviruses combat the immune system by:

a) infecting lymphocytes and impairing their ability to function
b) using a period of latency to hide then recrudescing when system is stressed
c) producing enzymes that inhibit apoptosis

A

b) using a period of latency to hide then recrudescing when system is stressed

and

c) producing enzymes that inhibit apoptosis

61
Q

Pox viruses combat the immune system by:

a) infecting lymphocytes and impairing their ability to function
b) using a period of latency to hide then recrudescing when system is stressed
c) producing enzymes that inhibit apoptosis

A

c) producing enzymes that inhibit apoptosis

62
Q

the break out of K9 influenza (2015 in US for example) ties back to:

a) antigenic drift
b) antigenic shift

A

b) antigenic shift

63
Q

Salmonella enterica utilizes which strategy to avoid our immune system:
a) antigenic variation
b) antigenic diversity

A

b) antigenic diversity

64
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes utilizes which strategy to avoid our immune system:
a) antigenic variation
b) antigenic diversity

A

b) antigenic diversity

65
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae utilizes which strategy to avoid our immune system:
a) antigenic variation
b) antigenic diversity

A

b) antigenic diversity

66
Q

Borrelia recurrentis utilizes which strategy to avoid our immune system:
a) antigenic variation
b) antigenic diversity

A

a) antigenic variation

67
Q

Trypanosomes utilizes which strategy to avoid our immune system:
a) Antigenic Variation
b) Antigenic Diversity

A

a) Antigenic Variation

68
Q

what two organisms work synergistically to cause Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)?

A

-virus: Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1)
-bacteria: Mannheimia hemolytica (M. hemolytica)

Imunology (10 decks)

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