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Imunology > Lecture 26 (Vaccination) > Flashcards

Lecture 26 (Vaccination) Flashcards

1
Q

what are vaccines?

A

vaccines are biologic preparations that provide active acquired immunity to a particular disease process

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2
Q

typically, vaccines contain agents that resemble ________________ in disease process

A

proteins/substances

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3
Q

vaccines may be ____________ to prevent or ameliorate future disease

a) prophylactic
b) therapeutic

A

a) prophylactic

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4
Q

vaccines may be __________ to treat a current disease process (cancer vaccines)

a) prophylactic
b) therapeutic

A

b) therapeutic

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5
Q

what is immunoprophylaxis?

A

the enhancement of a specific immune response

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6
Q

colostral antibodies, anti-toxin, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies

a) passive immunization
b) active immunization

A

a) passive immunization

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7
Q

administer antigen to generate specific immunologic responses

a) passive immunization
b) active immunization

A

b) active immunization

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8
Q

sterilizing immunity is maximum response (Feline parvovirus)

a) response may prevent infection
b) response may prevent disease

A

a) response may prevent infection

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9
Q

-non-sterilizing immunity (feline calicivirus, herpes virus, etc.)
-agent can infect but causes minimal to no disease
-does not prevent chronic carrier status

a) response may prevent infection
b) response may prevent disease

A

b) response may prevent disease

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10
Q

dried nervous tissue from rabid animals could provide prophylaxis against rabies

a) infectious vaccine
b) non-infectious vaccine

A

b) non-infectious vaccine

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11
Q

passive immunization

A

-transfer of specific antibodies or immune-reactive substances from one individual to another

-maternal immunity (placental or colostral)

-prophylactic and therapeutic (tetanus toxoid)

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12
Q

prophylactic and therapeutic are an example of [passive/active] immunization

A

passive immunization

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13
Q

disadvantages of passive immunization

A

-allergic reactions may occur
-transfer of disease possible
-delays ability to vaccinate
-short-lived protection

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14
Q

advantages of passive immunization

A

-immediate protection
-good for poor immunogens (tumor antigens)

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15
Q

discuss active immunization

A

-stimulating the host with all or part of an organism (i.e. antigen)

-produces an active immune response

-prolonged period of protection/strong immune protection

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16
Q

active immunization can be achieved through what two things?

A

-natural infection
-vaccination

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17
Q

vaccine design must deliver __________ efficiently to antigen-presenting cells

A

antigen

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18
Q

why do both B and T cells need to be stimulated by a vaccine?

A

-to generate humoral and cellular immunity
-to generate large numbers of memory cells

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19
Q

T cells should be reactive to multiple epitopes in the vaccine to improve the likelihood of a response across _________ alleles

A

MHC II

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20
Q

ideal vaccine should be…

A

-inexpensive
-stable
-adaptable to mass vaccination
-confer strong & long lasting immunity w/ no or minimal side effects

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21
Q

may contain inactivated partial or whole pathogen

a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine

A

a) noninfectious vaccine

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22
Q

pathogen often denatured to inactivate

a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine

A

a) noninfectious vaccine

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23
Q

stable storage

a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine

A

a) noninfectious vaccine

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24
Q

safe in immunosuppressed patients (pregnant patients)

a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine

A

a) noninfectious vaccine

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25
Q

will not spread to other patients

a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine

A

a) noninfectious vaccine

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26
Q

generate TH2 CD4+ response

a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine

A

a) noninfectious vaccine

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27
Q

subunit/recombinant vaccines

a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine

A

a) noninfectious vaccine

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28
Q

require adjuvant

a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine

A

a) noninfectious vaccine

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29
Q

what is an adjuvant?

A

-a chemical additive that increases the effectiveness of vaccines

-increases duration and amount of immune-stimulation

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30
Q

t/f: adjuvants can cause local reactions

A

true

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31
Q

weak immunogenicity

a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine

A

a) noninfectious vaccine

32
Q

what are the two types of adjuvant?

A

vehicles/depots
-immunomodulators

33
Q

adjuvants:
vehicles/depots include…

A

-metallic salts
-oils
-lipids
-mineral gels
-liposomes

34
Q

serve to maintain antigen at specific site and intensify response

a) depots/vehicles
b) immunomodulators

A

a) depots/vehicles

35
Q

enhance cell mediated immunity, provide slow antigen release and degradation, stimulate cytokine release, activate innate immunity

a) depots/vehicles
b) immunomodulators

A

b) immunomodulators

36
Q

adjuvants:
immunomodulators include…

A

-bacterial components
-CpG islands
-dextran sulfate
-acemannan
-saponin

37
Q

t/f: noninfectious vaccines do not require multiple inoculations initially and repeated boosters

A

false - they do

38
Q

what are infectious vaccines?

A

vaccines that “infect” or “transfect” cells and use host machinery to promote immunologic response

39
Q

what is a classic example of an infectious vaccine?

A

-use of the cowpox virus
-by Edward Jenner
-promote immunity to small pox

40
Q

this category now includes genetically engineered viral and DNA vectors in addition to traditional attenuated viruses and mutated viruses

a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine

A

b) infectious vaccine

41
Q

the infection process amplifies overall immune response

a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine

A

b) infectious vaccine

42
Q

provides prolonged immune exposure

a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine

A

b) infectious vaccine

43
Q

increased immunogenicity and memory cell production

a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine

A

b) infectious vaccine

44
Q

lower chance of hypersensitivity

a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine

A

b) infectious vaccine

45
Q

may be given by natural route (nasal/oral)

a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine

A

b) infectious vaccine

46
Q

t/f: adjuvant is required for an infectious vaccine

A

false - not required

47
Q

infectious vaccines stimulate which two TH responses?

A

TH1 and TH2

48
Q

discuss recombinant vector vaccines

A

-used as carriers to express antigens of other pathogens

-insertion of genes for protective antigens into genome of another agent

-viruses may be used

49
Q

DNA-based vaccines

A

-simple vectors for in vivo transfection
-injection into muscle cells leads to expression and cross-presentation

50
Q

bacterial DNA activates [adaptive/innate] response

A

innate

51
Q

this type of vaccine may be safer in immunocompromised hosts than a live vector vaccine

A

DNA vaccine

52
Q

advantages of using infectious vaccines

A

-stimulates CMI & humoral response
-immunity is long-lasting
-single inoculation usually effective
-lower antigenic mass required
-no adjuvant required

53
Q

disadvantages of using infectious vaccines

A

-reversion to virulence
-contamination
-lower stability
-risk to immunosuppressed animals
-risk to fetus

54
Q

when would you use a MLV vs. killed vaccine

A

in herd immunity - MLV good due to virus shedding

55
Q

considerations when choosing MLV vs. killed vaccine

A

-health of animal
-pregnancy status
-age
-herd immunity

56
Q

promotes transient mucosal immunity
a) nasal vaccine
b) systemic vaccine

A

b) systemic vaccine

57
Q

promotes durable mucosal immunity
a) nasal vaccine
b) systemic vaccine

A

a) nasal vaccine

58
Q

systemic vaccines generate which immunoglobulin?

A

IgG

59
Q

rabies virus vaccine

a) MLV
b) killed
c) recombinant

A

b) killed

60
Q

canine distemper vaccine

a) MLV
b) killed
c) recombinant

A

a) MLV
c) recombinant

*either one of these

61
Q

canine parvovirus vaccine

a) MLV
b) killed
c) recombinant

A

a) MLV

62
Q

-facial edema, pruitis, wheals
-anaphylaxis

a) type I hypersensitivity
b) type II hypersensitivity
c) type III hypersensitivity
d) type IV hypersensitivity

A

a) type I hypersensitivity

63
Q

-IMHA
-ITP

a) type I hypersensitivity
b) type II hypersensitivity
c) type III hypersensitivity
d) type IV hypersensitivity

A

b) type II hypersensitivity

64
Q

-post vaccine vasculitis
-Blue eye (CAV-1)
-delayed 1-3 months post-vaccine

a) type I hypersensitivity
b) type II hypersensitivity
c) type III hypersensitivity
d) type IV hypersensitivity

A

c) type III hypersensitivity

65
Q

postvaccinal encephalomyelitis (CDV)

a) type I hypersensitivity
b) type II hypersensitivity
c) type III hypersensitivity
d) type IV hypersensitivity

A

d) type IV hypersensitivity

66
Q

t/f: mRNA vaccines generate TH1 biased response

A

true

67
Q

Immune Reactant: IgE
Important Cells Involved: mast cells (& eosinophils)
Mechanism of Damage: TH2 response, degranulation of mast cells & eosinophils // inflammation
which Hypersensitivity?

A

Type I hypersensitivity

68
Q

Immune Reactant: IgG (& IgM)
Important Cells Involved: neutrophils and macrophages
Mechanism of Damage: antibodies made against cell surface antigens or extracellular matrix antigens // opsonization, phagocytosis, etc.
which Hypersensitivity?

A

Type II hypersensitivity

69
Q

Immune Reactant: IgG (& IgM)
Important Cells Involved: neutrophils & mast cells
Mechanism of Damage: immune complexes of antigen and antibody aren’t removed by phagocytosis // deposited in vascular basement membranes, etc.
which Hypersensitivity?

A

Type III hypersensitivity

70
Q

Immune Reactant: TH1 & CTLs
Important Cells Involved: T cells, APCs, and macrophages
Mechanism of Damage: CD4+ activating macrophages and producing cytokine-mediated inflammation or CD8+ causing direct target cell lysis
which Hypersensitivity?

A

Type IV hypersensitivity

71
Q

which hypersensitivity is exemplified by all of the following:

-Allergic rhinitis
-Asthma
-Systemic Anaphylaxis
-Vaccine reactions

A

Type I hypersensitivity

72
Q

which hypersensitivity is exemplified by all of the following:

-Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA)
-Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)
-Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
-Myasthenia Gravis
-Pemphigus vulgaris
-Drug reactions
-Acute Rheumatic Fever

A

Type II hypersensitivity

73
Q

which hypersensitivity is exemplified by all of the following:

-Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
-Purpura (Little bruises on the skin)
-Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO)
-Blue Eye
-Farmer’s Lung (Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis)
-Serum sickness
-Rheumatoid arthritis (Non-Erosive)
-Glomerulonephritis associated with Rheumatic Fever

A

Type III hypersensitivity

74
Q

which hypersensitivity is exemplified by all of the following:

-Allergic contact dermatitis
-Tuberculin reaction (used for Tb test)
-Type 1 diabetes
-Erosive arthritis
-Multiple sclerosis

A

Type IV hypersensitivity

75
Q

what cells are responsible for the acute inflammatory response in the early phase of Type 1 Hypersensitivity?

a. Pre-formed Mast Cells
b. T cells (Like TH17)
c. Neutrophils & Macrophages

A

a. Pre-formed Mast Cells

76
Q

what cells are responsible for the second wave late phase reaction in a Type 1 hypersensitivity 6-12hrs post expsure? (Characterized by redness, edema, pruritus)

a. Pre-formed Mast Cells
b. T cells (Like TH17)
c. Neutrophils & Macrophages

A

b. T cells (Like TH17)
c. Neutrophils & Macrophages

77
Q

exaggerated TH2 response & exaggerated IgE production are characteristic of which hypersensitivity?

A

Type I hypersensitivity

Imunology (10 decks)

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