Lecture 26 (Vaccination) Flashcards
what are vaccines?
vaccines are biologic preparations that provide active acquired immunity to a particular disease process
typically, vaccines contain agents that resemble ________________ in disease process
proteins/substances
vaccines may be ____________ to prevent or ameliorate future disease
a) prophylactic
b) therapeutic
a) prophylactic
vaccines may be __________ to treat a current disease process (cancer vaccines)
a) prophylactic
b) therapeutic
b) therapeutic
what is immunoprophylaxis?
the enhancement of a specific immune response
colostral antibodies, anti-toxin, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies
a) passive immunization
b) active immunization
a) passive immunization
administer antigen to generate specific immunologic responses
a) passive immunization
b) active immunization
b) active immunization
sterilizing immunity is maximum response (Feline parvovirus)
a) response may prevent infection
b) response may prevent disease
a) response may prevent infection
-non-sterilizing immunity (feline calicivirus, herpes virus, etc.)
-agent can infect but causes minimal to no disease
-does not prevent chronic carrier status
a) response may prevent infection
b) response may prevent disease
b) response may prevent disease
dried nervous tissue from rabid animals could provide prophylaxis against rabies
a) infectious vaccine
b) non-infectious vaccine
b) non-infectious vaccine
passive immunization
-transfer of specific antibodies or immune-reactive substances from one individual to another
-maternal immunity (placental or colostral)
-prophylactic and therapeutic (tetanus toxoid)
prophylactic and therapeutic are an example of [passive/active] immunization
passive immunization
disadvantages of passive immunization
-allergic reactions may occur
-transfer of disease possible
-delays ability to vaccinate
-short-lived protection
advantages of passive immunization
-immediate protection
-good for poor immunogens (tumor antigens)
discuss active immunization
-stimulating the host with all or part of an organism (i.e. antigen)
-produces an active immune response
-prolonged period of protection/strong immune protection
active immunization can be achieved through what two things?
-natural infection
-vaccination
vaccine design must deliver __________ efficiently to antigen-presenting cells
antigen
why do both B and T cells need to be stimulated by a vaccine?
-to generate humoral and cellular immunity
-to generate large numbers of memory cells
T cells should be reactive to multiple epitopes in the vaccine to improve the likelihood of a response across _________ alleles
MHC II
ideal vaccine should be…
-inexpensive
-stable
-adaptable to mass vaccination
-confer strong & long lasting immunity w/ no or minimal side effects
may contain inactivated partial or whole pathogen
a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
a) noninfectious vaccine
pathogen often denatured to inactivate
a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
a) noninfectious vaccine
stable storage
a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
a) noninfectious vaccine
safe in immunosuppressed patients (pregnant patients)
a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
a) noninfectious vaccine
will not spread to other patients
a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
a) noninfectious vaccine
generate TH2 CD4+ response
a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
a) noninfectious vaccine
subunit/recombinant vaccines
a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
a) noninfectious vaccine
require adjuvant
a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
a) noninfectious vaccine
what is an adjuvant?
-a chemical additive that increases the effectiveness of vaccines
-increases duration and amount of immune-stimulation
t/f: adjuvants can cause local reactions
true
weak immunogenicity
a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
a) noninfectious vaccine
what are the two types of adjuvant?
vehicles/depots
-immunomodulators
adjuvants:
vehicles/depots include…
-metallic salts
-oils
-lipids
-mineral gels
-liposomes
serve to maintain antigen at specific site and intensify response
a) depots/vehicles
b) immunomodulators
a) depots/vehicles
enhance cell mediated immunity, provide slow antigen release and degradation, stimulate cytokine release, activate innate immunity
a) depots/vehicles
b) immunomodulators
b) immunomodulators
adjuvants:
immunomodulators include…
-bacterial components
-CpG islands
-dextran sulfate
-acemannan
-saponin
t/f: noninfectious vaccines do not require multiple inoculations initially and repeated boosters
false - they do
what are infectious vaccines?
vaccines that “infect” or “transfect” cells and use host machinery to promote immunologic response
what is a classic example of an infectious vaccine?
-use of the cowpox virus
-by Edward Jenner
-promote immunity to small pox
this category now includes genetically engineered viral and DNA vectors in addition to traditional attenuated viruses and mutated viruses
a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
the infection process amplifies overall immune response
a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
provides prolonged immune exposure
a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
increased immunogenicity and memory cell production
a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
lower chance of hypersensitivity
a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
may be given by natural route (nasal/oral)
a) noninfectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
b) infectious vaccine
t/f: adjuvant is required for an infectious vaccine
false - not required
infectious vaccines stimulate which two TH responses?
TH1 and TH2
discuss recombinant vector vaccines
-used as carriers to express antigens of other pathogens
-insertion of genes for protective antigens into genome of another agent
-viruses may be used
DNA-based vaccines
-simple vectors for in vivo transfection
-injection into muscle cells leads to expression and cross-presentation
bacterial DNA activates [adaptive/innate] response
innate
this type of vaccine may be safer in immunocompromised hosts than a live vector vaccine
DNA vaccine
advantages of using infectious vaccines
-stimulates CMI & humoral response
-immunity is long-lasting
-single inoculation usually effective
-lower antigenic mass required
-no adjuvant required
disadvantages of using infectious vaccines
-reversion to virulence
-contamination
-lower stability
-risk to immunosuppressed animals
-risk to fetus
when would you use a MLV vs. killed vaccine
in herd immunity - MLV good due to virus shedding
considerations when choosing MLV vs. killed vaccine
-health of animal
-pregnancy status
-age
-herd immunity
promotes transient mucosal immunity
a) nasal vaccine
b) systemic vaccine
b) systemic vaccine
promotes durable mucosal immunity
a) nasal vaccine
b) systemic vaccine
a) nasal vaccine
systemic vaccines generate which immunoglobulin?
IgG
rabies virus vaccine
a) MLV
b) killed
c) recombinant
b) killed
canine distemper vaccine
a) MLV
b) killed
c) recombinant
a) MLV
c) recombinant
*either one of these
canine parvovirus vaccine
a) MLV
b) killed
c) recombinant
a) MLV
-facial edema, pruitis, wheals
-anaphylaxis
a) type I hypersensitivity
b) type II hypersensitivity
c) type III hypersensitivity
d) type IV hypersensitivity
a) type I hypersensitivity
-IMHA
-ITP
a) type I hypersensitivity
b) type II hypersensitivity
c) type III hypersensitivity
d) type IV hypersensitivity
b) type II hypersensitivity
-post vaccine vasculitis
-Blue eye (CAV-1)
-delayed 1-3 months post-vaccine
a) type I hypersensitivity
b) type II hypersensitivity
c) type III hypersensitivity
d) type IV hypersensitivity
c) type III hypersensitivity
postvaccinal encephalomyelitis (CDV)
a) type I hypersensitivity
b) type II hypersensitivity
c) type III hypersensitivity
d) type IV hypersensitivity
d) type IV hypersensitivity
t/f: mRNA vaccines generate TH1 biased response
true
Immune Reactant: IgE
Important Cells Involved: mast cells (& eosinophils)
Mechanism of Damage: TH2 response, degranulation of mast cells & eosinophils // inflammation
which Hypersensitivity?
Type I hypersensitivity
Immune Reactant: IgG (& IgM)
Important Cells Involved: neutrophils and macrophages
Mechanism of Damage: antibodies made against cell surface antigens or extracellular matrix antigens // opsonization, phagocytosis, etc.
which Hypersensitivity?
Type II hypersensitivity
Immune Reactant: IgG (& IgM)
Important Cells Involved: neutrophils & mast cells
Mechanism of Damage: immune complexes of antigen and antibody aren’t removed by phagocytosis // deposited in vascular basement membranes, etc.
which Hypersensitivity?
Type III hypersensitivity
Immune Reactant: TH1 & CTLs
Important Cells Involved: T cells, APCs, and macrophages
Mechanism of Damage: CD4+ activating macrophages and producing cytokine-mediated inflammation or CD8+ causing direct target cell lysis
which Hypersensitivity?
Type IV hypersensitivity
which hypersensitivity is exemplified by all of the following:
-Allergic rhinitis
-Asthma
-Systemic Anaphylaxis
-Vaccine reactions
Type I hypersensitivity
which hypersensitivity is exemplified by all of the following:
-Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA)
-Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)
-Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
-Myasthenia Gravis
-Pemphigus vulgaris
-Drug reactions
-Acute Rheumatic Fever
Type II hypersensitivity
which hypersensitivity is exemplified by all of the following:
-Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
-Purpura (Little bruises on the skin)
-Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO)
-Blue Eye
-Farmer’s Lung (Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis)
-Serum sickness
-Rheumatoid arthritis (Non-Erosive)
-Glomerulonephritis associated with Rheumatic Fever
Type III hypersensitivity
which hypersensitivity is exemplified by all of the following:
-Allergic contact dermatitis
-Tuberculin reaction (used for Tb test)
-Type 1 diabetes
-Erosive arthritis
-Multiple sclerosis
Type IV hypersensitivity
what cells are responsible for the acute inflammatory response in the early phase of Type 1 Hypersensitivity?
a. Pre-formed Mast Cells
b. T cells (Like TH17)
c. Neutrophils & Macrophages
a. Pre-formed Mast Cells
what cells are responsible for the second wave late phase reaction in a Type 1 hypersensitivity 6-12hrs post expsure? (Characterized by redness, edema, pruritus)
a. Pre-formed Mast Cells
b. T cells (Like TH17)
c. Neutrophils & Macrophages
b. T cells (Like TH17)
c. Neutrophils & Macrophages
exaggerated TH2 response & exaggerated IgE production are characteristic of which hypersensitivity?
Type I hypersensitivity
