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BIO1621 > Lectures 14/15: Vertebrates > Flashcards

Lectures 14/15: Vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

what do tunicates most resemble?

A

chordates during their larval stage, which is short

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2
Q

why do tunicate larva use their tail muscle and notochord?

A

to swim through the water and find a suitable spot to settle.

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3
Q

how does the tunicate larva find a suitable spot to settle?

A

it is guided by cues from light and gravity sensitive cells

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4
Q

what happens after the tunicate settles?

A

goes through metamorphosis, becomes sessile and lose most chordate traits.
- loses tail and notochord
- nervous system breaks down
- organs shift 90°

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5
Q

what are tunicates?

A

they are the earliest branch of chordates

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6
Q

what do lancelets look like?

A

blade-like

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7
Q

how do lancelets live?

A

with their posterior end buried in the sand and the anterior end exposed for feeding

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8
Q

how do tunicates and lancelets provide clues in vertebrate evolution?

A

tunicates show chordate characteristics as larvae while lancelets show characteristics as adults

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9
Q

what was the next major transition after the evolution of the basic chordate body plan?

A

the appearance of a head

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10
Q

what are craniates?

A

chordates with head-like structure

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11
Q

what did the origin of a head open up for chordates?

A

opened up a new way of feeding for chordates: active predation

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12
Q

what differentiates craniates from other chordates?

A
  • on the genetic level: craniates possess 2 clusters of Hox genes, compared to lancelets and chordates only having one cluster
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13
Q

what are the group of embryonic cells in craniates called?

A

neural crest

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14
Q

where does the neural crest form?

A

near the dorsal margins

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15
Q

what do hagfish lack?

A

jaws and vertebrae (BONE)

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16
Q

what is the skull of a hagfish made of?

A

cartilage

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17
Q

what are some hagfish characteristics?

A
  • swim in snake-like fashion
  • small brain, eyes, ears, and nasal opening
  • toothlike formations made of keratin
  • marine scavengers
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18
Q

how do hagfish move?

A

use their segmental muscles to exert force against their notochord

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19
Q

are hagfish considered a fish?

A

no. vertebrate systematists do not consider hagfishes to be fish

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20
Q

what do hagfish feed onto?

A

worms and sick/dead fish

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21
Q

what is a notochord?

A

a flexible, rod-like structure made of cells that forms the primary skeletal support in all chordates.
- runs along the the dorsal side of the organism, between the nerve cord and gut

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22
Q

what is the oldest living lineage of vertebrates?

A

lampreys

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23
Q

most lampreys are ____ that feed by clamping a round, ____ mouth onto a fish

A

parasites; jawless

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24
Q

how do lampreys kill/eat their prey?

A

they use their rasping tongues to penetrate the skin of their fish prey and to ingest the preys blood

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25
Q

what are conodonts?

A

soft-bodied vertebrates. kinda look like long ass worms in water

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26
Q

whats the difference between anterior vs posterior?

A

(top vs bottom)
- anterior: refers to the front or forward part of the body. ex: chest is anterior to the spine
- posterior: refers to the back or rear part of the body.
ex: spine is posterior to the chest

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27
Q

what is the “back” referred to as technically?

A

dorsal

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28
Q

what is the “belly” referred to as technically?

A

the ventral

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29
Q

what type of vertebrates has a true jaw?

A

Gnathostomes

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30
Q

how did the jaws of Gnathostomes evolve?

A

by modification of the skeletal rod.
- rod had previously supported the anterior pharyngeal gill slits
- but gill slits not needed for feeding anymore and only respiratory gas exchange

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31
Q

what is the earliest fossil record of gnathostomes called?

A

placoderms

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32
Q

why are the forebrain enlarged for gnathostome?

A

enhanced senses of vision and smell

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33
Q

how did the lateral line system evolve?

A

evolved as a row of microscopic organs sensitive to vibrations in the surrounding water

34
Q

what were the characteristics of the gnathostomes common ancestor?

A
  • mineralized axial skeleton
  • shoulder girdle
  • two sets of paired appendages
35
Q

what were the major evolutionary breakthroughs for gnathostomes?

A
  1. jaws (with the help of teeth)
  2. paired fins
36
Q

where does the name chondrichthyes come from?

A

chondric = cartillage
chrondocites = cells that produce cartillage

37
Q

what is the biggest and most successful vertebrate predators in the oceans

A

chrondrichthyes and sharks

38
Q

chrondrichthyes have relatively _____ endoskeletons of ______ rather than _____.

A

flexible; cartilage; bone

39
Q

all chondrichthyes have well-developed ____ and ___ _____

A

jaws; paired fins

40
Q

the teeth of sharks are…

A

mineralized

41
Q

what are vertebrates?

A

animals with a backbone/spine

42
Q

where does the name vertebrate come from?

A

named for vertebrae, which is the series of bones that make up the vertebral column (backbone)

43
Q

what are the 4 chordate characteristics?

A
  1. notochord
  2. dorsal (hollow nerve cord)
  3. pharyngeal slits
  4. muscular, post-anal tail
44
Q

what is a notochord?

A

a flexible rod-like structure. provides support and shapes the body

45
Q

what is found along the pharynx? what are they called?

A

a series of pouches separated by grooves, called pharyngeal clefts

46
Q

in most chordates, the grooves along the pharynx (pharyngeal clefts) develop into…

A

pharyngeal slits

47
Q

what are pharyngeal slits used for?

A
  • in some invertebrate chordates, these gill slits are used to filter food from water
  • in vertebrates, the gill slits are used for gas exchange, supporting jaws, hearing and other functions
48
Q

what is a dorsal nerve cord?

A

a tube of nerve tissue running along the back. develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord. turns into the brain and spinal cord

49
Q

what is a post-anal tail? what does it contain/provide?

A
  • a tail extending beyond the anus
  • contains skeletal elements and muscles
  • provides much of the power to swim in aquatic animals
50
Q

what is the notochord composed of?

A

large, fluid-filled cells encased in fairly stiff/fibrous tissue.

51
Q

what is the notochord in humans?

A

the gelatinous material of the disks between vertebrae

52
Q

what is the region posterior (behind) to the mouth called?

A

pharynx

53
Q

what does “Osteichthyes” mean?

A

bony fish

54
Q

what is the exoskeleton of all bony fish made of?

A

calcium phosphate

55
Q

how do bony fish breathe?

A

by drawing water over 4-5 pairs of gills located in chambers

56
Q

what are the chambers in bony fish covered by?

A

a protective flap = operculum

57
Q

most bony fish have an air-filled sac called a….

A

swim bladder

58
Q

how does the air sac in bony fish help them?

A

helps them float by balancing their body weight, allowing them to stay suspended in water without sinking

59
Q

what was one of the most significant events in vertebrate history?

A

when the fins evolved intro tetrapod limbs and feet

60
Q

what is the most significant character of tetrapods?

A

their 4 limbs (allows them to support their weight on land)

61
Q

what do the digits on the feet of tetrapods help with?

A

they help the animal push against the ground when they walk by using their muscles

62
Q

what are tetrapods?

A

animals with four limbs

63
Q

what happened to the pelvic girdle after the move to land? what did this allow?

A

the pelvic girdle became fused to the backbone.
- this connection helps their hind legs push against the ground more effectively, and allowed the body to move better when walking/running

64
Q

the amniote clade consists of…

A

the mammals and reptiles including birds

65
Q

what is the major derived character of amniotes?

A

the amniotic egg

66
Q

what is inside the shell of the amniotic egg and how does it function?

A
  • several extraembryonic membranes
  • functions in gas exchange, waste store, and transfer stored nutrients to the embryo
67
Q

what is the amniotic egg named after?

A

it is named after the amnion, a membrane that surrounds the embryo. “private pond” that bathes the embryo and acts as a hydraulic shock absorber

68
Q

what makes certain scale waterproof and prevent dehydration in dry air?

A

protein keratin

69
Q

how do reptiles obtain all their oxygen?

A

through lungs

70
Q

many turtles use the moist surfaces of their ______ for gas exchange

A

cloaca

71
Q

why are all modern birds considered reptiles?

A

because they evolved from the dinos

72
Q

what are mammals?

A

amniotes (animals) that have hair and produce milk

73
Q

what is the hair of mammals made of?

A

keratin

74
Q

what contributes to endothermy in mammals?

A

hair and a layer of fat under the skin retain metabolic heat

75
Q

what are the only living mammals that lay eggs?

A

platypuses and the echidnas

76
Q

how do the babies of platypi and echidnas suck on the mothers milk?

A

suck the mothers fur since they lack nipples

77
Q

whats the difference between marsupials and montremes?

A

marsupials have a higher metabolic rate, have nipples, and give birth to live young

78
Q

what were the earliest primates?

A

tree dwellers

79
Q

the grasping hands and feet of primates are adaptations for…

A

hanging onto tree branches

80
Q

humans are _____ _____

A

bipedal hominoids

81
Q

what does bipedal mean

A

walk on two legs

82
Q

what is paleonanthropology?

A

the study of human origins and evolution

BIO1621 (8 decks)

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