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BIO1621 > Lecture 9/10/11: Fungi > Flashcards

Lecture 9/10/11: Fungi Flashcards

haven't gone over lecture 9 yet, and go over zygos/gloms in L10, L11 lichens go over

1
Q

where did fungi descend from?

A

descended from an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist

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2
Q

How do fungi play an important role in ecosystems?

A

they decompose dead organisms, fallen leaves, feces and other organic materials.

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3
Q

what are three examples of fungi?

A
  1. yeast
  2. mold
  3. mushrooms
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4
Q

what is mycology?

A

the study of fungi, like mushrooms, molds and yeast

  • understanding how they grow, reproduce, and interact with other living things
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5
Q

how do fungi feed (eat)?

A

feed by absorption (heterotrophs- can’t make their own food)

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6
Q

what are heterotrophs (just as a refresher)?

A

organisms that cannot make their own food and therefore rely on eating other organisms to get the required nutrients

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7
Q

what are exoenzymes?

A

enzymes that a cell makes and sends out of itself to break down large substances around it.

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8
Q

what is the benefit of exoenzymes?

A

very powerful, helps the organisms break down food or other materials outside their body

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9
Q

how do fungi use exoenzymes?

A

to digest plants/animals

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10
Q

what are the ecological roles of fungi (3 roles)? similar to the question why they are important for ecology

A
  1. decomposers
  2. parasites
  3. mutualistic symbionts
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11
Q

what’s another name for ‘decomposers’?

A

saprobes

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12
Q

saprobic fungi (decomposers) absorb nutrients from….

A

non-living organisms

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13
Q

parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from….

A

the cells of living hosts

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14
Q

what mainly causes plant diseases?

A

fungi

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15
Q

how do mutualistic fungi absorb nutrients? how are they beneficial to their partner?

A
  • absorb from a host organism
  • provide functions that benefit the host in some way
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16
Q

what are single-celled fungi called?

A

yeasts

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17
Q

what is the body structure of a mushroom from top to bottom?

A

TOP:
- cap
- gills (underneath the cap)
- spores (fall from the gills)
- stem
- ring or skirt (on the stem)
- volva (the bud part of the bottom)
- mycelial threads (roots)

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18
Q

what helps fungi absorb nutrients?

A
  • their large surface area
  • their ability to grow quickly
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19
Q

what are the tiny filaments (that construct most bodies of fungi) called?

A

hyphae

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20
Q

what do hyphae form?

A

mycelium: the network of the hyphae

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21
Q

how does mycelium function?

A

it spreads out and grows through the soil (or whatever the fungi are living on) and helps the fungus absorb nutrients

  • kind of like the ‘root system’ for fungi except it can grow out to be much larger
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22
Q

do the fungal hyphae have cell walls?

A

yes

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23
Q

what are the cell walls of hyphae made of?

A

mainly of chitin
- a tough/flexible material, identical to that found in arthopods

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24
Q

what are the hyphae divided by?

A

by walls called septa

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25
Q

what are the fungi called that lack septa?

A

coenocytic fungi

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26
Q

what does the hyphae look like for coenocytic fungi?

A

one big mass with lots of nuclei

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27
Q

how do coenocytic fungi happen?

A

because the nuclei divides, but the cell doesn’t split

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28
Q

what is cytoplasmic division?

A

when the cell splits its contents into 2 separate parts, forming into 2 new cells
- happens after nuclear division

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29
Q

what’s the difference between nuclear and cytoplasmic division?

A

NUCLEAR:
- when the cell’s nucleus divides in two
- ensures each new cell gets a full set of genetic information
CYTOPLASMIC:
- when the rest of the cell divides in two (organelles, cytoplasm, etc.)
- ensures each new cell has all the tools it needs to work

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30
Q

what is haustoria?

A

something that some parasitic fungi have.
- A special type of hyphae that can enter their host’s tissues to absorb nutrients

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31
Q

does fungal mycelium grow fast or slow?

A

fast

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32
Q

what makes the mycelium perfect for soaking up nutrients?

A

its large surface area

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33
Q

what does fungus concentrate its energy and resources on?

A

it focuses on adding hyphal length and absorptive surface area

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34
Q

can mycelia move?

A

no, they are non-motile. HOWEVER, they can extend the tips of its hyphae and extend into new territory

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35
Q

how do fungi produce spores? asexually or sexually?

A

BOTH!

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36
Q

how do fungi reproduce?

A

by producing a ton of spores

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37
Q

how are spores dispersed from fungi?

A

wind or water

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38
Q

if the fungi spores land in a ____ place with ______, they grow into new _____.

A

damp; food; mycelium

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39
Q

what is the heterokaryotic stage?

A

happens during sexual reproduction
- two nuclei share the same space (cell) but haven’t combined yet-
- this is the stage before the final step of sexual reproduction, where the nuclei will eventually fuse together

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40
Q

when does sexual reproduction in fungi begin?

A

when 2 different fungi release chemicals called pheromones to signal each other

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41
Q

how do the pheromones help in sexual reproduction?

A

help the two fungi recognize each other, then the cells start to connect

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42
Q

the nuclei of hyphae and spores of most fungi species are ____

A

haploid (single set of chromosomes)

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43
Q

what is plasmogamy?

A

fusion of cytoplasm
- when two parent mycelia (fungi’s cells) combine their cytoplasm
- happens before karyogamy

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44
Q

what kingdoms are known as sister kingdoms?

A

fungi and Animalia

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45
Q

what data offers insights into the early evolution of fungi?

A

data from paleontology (study of ancient life) and molecular systematics

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46
Q

what did fungi evolve from?

A

unicellular, flagellated protist

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47
Q

what are fungi more closely related to?

A

Animalia

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48
Q

how many phyla of fungi are there?

A

5

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49
Q

what are the 5 phyla of fungi?

A
  1. Ascomycota
  2. Basidiomycota
  3. Zygomycota
  4. Microsporidia
  5. Glomeromycetes
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50
Q

what lineage of fungi diverged the earliest (most closely related to the LOCA)?

A

chytrids

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51
Q

what do chytrids have?

A

flagella

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52
Q

what members are in the clade Opisthokonta? what do they possess?

A
  • animals
  • fungi
  • closely related protists

possess flagella

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53
Q

where does the name Opisthokonta refer to?

A

posterior (opistho) of flagella

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54
Q

where can chytrids be found?

A

moist areas; lakes, ponds, soil

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55
Q

some chytrids are saprobes. What is a saprobe?

A

type of fungi that acts as a decomposer, feeding on dead/decaying materials such as wood, leaves, litter, etc.

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56
Q

what does recent molecular evidence show about chytrids?

A

that they diverged the earliest in fungal evolution

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57
Q

like other fungi, chytrid also has…

A
  • absorptive mode of nutrition
  • chitin in cell walls
  • similar key enzymes
  • similar metabolic pathways
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58
Q

how do chytrids feed?

A

absorb nutrients

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59
Q

what do most chytrids form?

A

coenocytic hypae

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60
Q

how are chytrids unique among fungi?

A

they have flagellated spores (zoospores)

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61
Q

what are the flagellated spores in chytrids called?

A

zoospores

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62
Q

which phylum are chytrids found in?

A

phylum Chytridiomycota

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63
Q

which phylum includes fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts?

A

Phylum Zygomycota

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64
Q

what does zygomycota look like?

A

fuzzy, black growth

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65
Q

what is an example of zygomycetes?

A

black bread mold (rhizopus stolonifer)

66
Q

in black bread mold (zygomycota), where are the septa (walls) found?

A

only where reproductive cells are formed

67
Q

what do horizontal hyphae do?

A

they spread out over food, penetrate it, and digest nutrients

68
Q

what does coenocytic mean?

A

cell/organism that has a long or continuous structure without any walls dividing it into separate cells.
- instead of many small cells, it is one big one that has tons of nuclei floating around inside

69
Q

zygosporangia are resistant to…

A

freezing and drying

70
Q

what are microsparidia?

A

a phylum of fungi, unicellular parasites of animals and protists. used to be apart of zygo but now classified as their own.
- tiny

71
Q

where can microsporidia only survive?

A

they can only survive inside the cells of their hosts

72
Q

what do we use microsporidia for?

A

often used for pest control

73
Q

what do microsporidia lack?

A

mitochondria

74
Q

which type of fungi represents something of a taxonomic mystery? why?

A

microsporidia; lack mitochondira. some researchers suggest that they are an ancient branching

75
Q

what does recent evidence suggest of microsporidia?

A

that they are highly derived parasites and may be related to zygomycete fungi

76
Q

what group of fungi form symbiotic mycorrhizae with plant roots?

A

phylum glomeromycetes

77
Q

mycorrhizal refers to…

A

anything related to the relationship between fungi and plant roots. ex: mycorrhizal fungi are fungi that form partnerships with plant roots. The roots help provide sugars while the fungi helps the plant absorb nutrients

78
Q

what are the 2 types of mycorrhizae

A
  1. ECTOmycorrhizal
  2. ENDOmycorrhizal
79
Q

What are ECTOmycorrhizal fungi?

A

fungi that form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots but STAY OUTSIDE THE PLANT’S ROOT CELLS.
- forms hyphae over the surface of the plant root and grow into extracellular spaces

80
Q

What are ENDOmycorrhizal fungi?

A

fungi that actually penetrate the plant’s root cells and form tiny structures inside (called arbuscles) that help with nutrient exchange
- extend hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes

81
Q

what does invagination mean?

A

how a cell/tissue folds in on itself to form a new structure. Like when a cell membrane folds to take in substances

82
Q

what are arbuscles?

A

the tips of the hyphae that push into plant root cells and branch into tiny treelike structures

83
Q

what is the symbiotic relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots?

A

plants supply fungi with organic nutrients, mycorrhizal fungi supplies plant with phosphate ions and other minerals

84
Q

what percentage of symbiotic mycorrhizae is present in plants?

A

90%

85
Q

where is the phylum Ascomycota found?

A

marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats

86
Q

what do ascomycetes produce?

A

sexual spores in sac-like asci (called sac fungi)

87
Q

where do most ascomycetes bear their sexual stages?

A

in fruiting bodies aka. ascocarps

88
Q

what are the fruiting bodies called in ascomycetes?

A

ascocarps

89
Q

are some Ascomycota, pathogens?

A

yes, some. many are important saprobes (particularly of plant material) though

90
Q

about 40% of ascomycete species live with ____ _______ or ______ in mutualistic associations called ________.

A
  • green algae
  • cyanobacteria
  • lichens
91
Q

how are some ascomycetes beneficial for plants?

A

release toxins that don’t harm the plant but harm any bad insects

92
Q

what phylum of fungi do mushrooms/shelf fungi belong to?

A

phylum Basidiomycota

93
Q

where does the name Basidiomycota come from?

A

derived from a transient diploid stage, basidium

94
Q

basidiomycetes are important _______.

A

decomposers

95
Q

what type of fungi are the best at decomposing lignin?

A

of all fungi, the SAPROBIC basidiomycetes are best at decomposing the complex polymer lignin (found in wood)

96
Q

the life cycle of a club fungus usually includes…

A

a long-lived dikaryotic mycellium: two nuclei don’t fuse for a long time

97
Q

what induces the dikaryotic mycelium to reproduce sexually?

A

environmental cues, such as rain or temperature change

98
Q

what does the cap of a mushroom do?

A

it supports and protects a large surface area of basidia on the gills

99
Q

what are the sexual spores that basidia forms called?

A

basidiospores

100
Q

what type of reproduction is less common in basidiomycetes?

A

asexual

101
Q

fungi and bacteria are essential for…

A

providing ecosystems with the inorganic nutrients responsible for plant growth

102
Q

what would happen if we didn’t have decomposers?

A

carbon, nitrogen, and other elements would become tied up in organic matter

103
Q

what do ants do with fungi?

A

raise fungi in “farms’ and feed them leaves.
- the fungi break down the leaves into a substance that the insects can digest

104
Q

in many cases, the fungi can no longer ___ without the insects

A

survive

105
Q

almost all vascular plants have ______ and rely on their ______ _____ for essential nutrients

A

mycorrhizae; fungal partners

106
Q

some fungi break down plant material in the guts of ____

A

cows (and other grazers)

107
Q

where can I find lichens?

A

newly cleared rock and soil surfaces (such as burned forests and volcanic flows)

108
Q

how do lichen acids help break down volcanic rock?

A

they penetrate the outer crystals of rocks

109
Q

what does the breakdown of the rock from lichens allow?

A

allows soil-trapping lichens to establish and starts the process of succession
- rocks into soil

110
Q

what does succession mean?

A

refers to the gradual process of change in the species composition of an ecosystem over time
- helps ecosystems develop and recover after changes or damage

111
Q

the photosynthetic partners are usually _______, ______, or _______

A

unicellular; filamentous green algae; cyanobacteria

112
Q

what are lichens?

A

form of life that result from a symbiotic partnership between a fungus and either algae or cyanobacteria (or both)
- incredibly resilient
- help break down rocks into soil and provide food/shelter

113
Q

what does the fungus/algae or cyanobacteria provide for each other?

A

FUNGUS:
- provides protection and structure
- retains water/minerals
- shades from intense sunlight with pigments
- secretes acids which aid in the uptake of minerals
ALGAE:
- provides food by leaking carbos from their cells
CYANO:
- provides organic nitrogen through nitrogen fixation

114
Q

which type of pathogens have effects on forest trees such as american elms/chestnuts?

A

invasive ascomycetes

115
Q

fungi are also serious agricultural ______.

A

pests

116
Q

how does fungi cause economic losses each year?

A

some fungi (like rusts and ergots) infect grain crops which causes economic loss

117
Q

which fungi infect grain crops?

A

rusts and ergots

118
Q

why is 10-50% of the world’s fruit harvest lost each year?

A

due to fungal attack

119
Q

some fungi that attacks food can also harm ______

A

humans

120
Q

whats an example of a fungi on food that harms humans as well?

A

the mold Aspergillus

121
Q

what does the mold Aspergillus contaminate? what does it produce once contaminated? what does it cause?

A
  • improperly stored grains and peanuts
  • aflatoxins
  • cancer or liver damage
122
Q

are the peanuts/grains carcinogenic?

A

Themselves, they are NOT. However, they can become contaminated with alfatoxins which ARE.

123
Q

what does carcinogenic mean?

A

something that can cause cancer
ex: tobacco, aflotoxins, radiation

124
Q

in what type of conditions does mold grow quickly?

A

warm and humid

125
Q

______ are much less susceptible to parasitic fungi than are _____

A

animals; plants

126
Q

what is the general term for a fungal infection?

A

mycosis

127
Q

what common fungal infection produces the disease ringworm?

A

infections of ascomycetes

128
Q

what is the term when the disease ringworm is on the feet?

A

athletes foot

129
Q

how are systemic mycoses typically caused?

A

by inhaled spores

130
Q

what is coccidiodomycosis?

A

a systemic mycosis that produces tuberculosis-like symptoms in the lungs.
- very deadly

131
Q

what is coccidiodomycosis known as (hint: very deadly)?

A

a potential biological weapon

132
Q

what does systemic mycosis mean?

A

a fungal infection that spreads throughout the body, affecting internal/external organs and systems.

  • can enter the body through respiratory or open wounds
133
Q

some mycoses are ________, occurring only when a change in the body’s microbiology, chemistry, or immunology allows the fungi to grow unchecked.

A

opportunistic

134
Q

how are fungi commercially important?

A

SCIENCE:
- important in science and tech
medicine such as antibioitcs like penicillin
FOOD:
- gives certain cheeses
- yeasts are key in making bread, beer, and wine
- gives certain cheeses their unique flavours
- truffles (type of fungi) are loved for their rich flavour

135
Q

what does dikaryotic mean?

A

‘two nuclei”
- cells have 2 diff nuclei

136
Q

what is karyogamy?

A

fusion of nuceli
- the haploid nuclei from the two parents fuse and produce diploid cells

137
Q

the sexual processes of karyogamy and meiosis generate _____ _______

A

genetic variation

138
Q

do the diploid cells exist for a long time in most fungi?

A

no. short-lived

139
Q

what do the diploid cells go through to make new haploid spores?

A

meiosis

140
Q

some fungi that can reproduce asexually grow as….

A

mold

141
Q

where do yeasts live?

A

liquid/moist habitats

142
Q

how does yeast reproduce? sexually or asexually?

A

asexually
- by simple cell division or budding of small cells

143
Q

what are the fungi called that have no known sexual stage?

A

‘deuteromycetes’ or ‘imperfect fungi’

144
Q

what is the asexual reproduction process for fungi?

A

produce spores without needing to combine with another fungus
- no fusion of cells is involved
- does not involve plasmogamy, karyogamy, or meiosis

145
Q

what is the sexual reproduction process for fungi (simple)?

A
  1. Plasmogamy: cytoplasm fuses
  2. Heterokaryotic stage: single cell contains 2 different nuclei, one from each parent
  3. Karyogamy: nuclei fuse
  4. Meiosis: cells divide and produce haploid spores
  5. Germination: spores disperse, create new mycelium, and repeat
146
Q

what is mycelium?

A

the main part of the fungi. Made up of a network of thin thread-like structures called hyphae.
- helps the fungi absorb nutrients

147
Q

zygomycota reproduce both _______ and _______.

A

sexually; asexually

148
Q

what happens in ASEXUAL reproduction for zygomycota?

A
  • produce spores called sporangiospores
  • then form into structures called sporangia at the tips of upright hyphae
  • released and grow into new fungi without needing another fungus
149
Q

what happens in SEXUAL reproduction for zygomycota?

A
  • plasmogamy of opposite mating types form a thick-walled structure called zygosporangium
  • produces zygospores or rhizopus

if bad conditions, rhizopus may reproduce.
If conditions get better, the zygosporangia undergoes meiosis and release haploid spores, called zygospores.

150
Q

what do nitrogen-fixing lichens do?

A

add organic nitrogen to some ecosystems

151
Q

some lichens can survive in what type of conditions?

A

severe cold/desiccation (can dry out completely but still come back to life when they get water again)

152
Q

what does desiccation mean?

A

drying out completely

153
Q

how do lichens absorb water in dry habitats?

A

from fog or rain

154
Q

how are lichens good for air quality?

A

they are sensitive to air pollution. A dying lichen is a warning sign of deteriorating air quality

155
Q

whats the difference between plant cell walls and fungi cell walls?

A

plant cell walls are made of cellulose, while fungi cell walls are made of chitin

156
Q

where are basidiomycota found?

A

club fungi, therefore terrestrial (forests usually)

157
Q

where are ascomycota found?

A

anywhere. just sacs

158
Q

where are chyrtids found?

A

aquatic/moist environments

159
Q

where are zygomycota found?

A

soil or decaying material

160
Q

where are glomermycota found?

A

sybmiont with plant roots therefore soil

BIO1621 (8 decks)

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