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BIO1621 > Lecture 11/12/13: Invertebrates > Flashcards

Lecture 11/12/13: Invertebrates Flashcards

havent gone over lecture 11 or 13

1
Q

what was the common ancestor between fungi and animals?

A

(probably) a colonial flagellated protists and may have resembles modern choanoflagellates

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2
Q

what does zoology mean?

A

study of animals

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3
Q

how do we define an animal?

A
  • multicellular
  • ingestive heterotrophs (absorb material and break it down for nutrients)
  • don’t have cell walls (plasma membrane but no cell wall)
  • two unique types of cells
  • sexual reproduction
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4
Q

what does heterotrophs mean?

A

can’t produce energy on their own, therefore need to consume something internally and break it down for energy

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5
Q

how are the multicellular bodies of animals held together?

A

by extracellular structural proteins, especially COLLAGEN

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6
Q

what do plant/fungi cells have that animal cells don’t?

A

cell walls

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7
Q

animal cells have unique intercellular connections such as ___ ________, _____, and ____ _______.

A

tight junctions; desmosomes; gap junctions

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8
Q

what are desmosomes? where can they be found? how do they help?

A
  • special structures in animal cells that act like a glue to hold cells together
  • found in tissues that experience a lot of stretching or stress (like skin or heart muscle)
  • help keep cells firmly attached to each other, which provides strength and stability to the tissue
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9
Q

what do the intercellular junctions in animal cells do?

A

they hold tissues together

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10
Q

what are intercellular junctions made of?

A

structural proteins

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11
Q

what are the two unique cell types of animals?

A
  1. NERVE cells: IMPULSE CONDUCTION. send and receive signals throughout your body to help you think/move/feel- body’s communication network
  2. MUSCLE (or muscle-like) cells: MOVEMENT. contractile and allow for movement of the animal
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12
Q

what stage is usually dominating the life cycle of animals?

A

diploid stage

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13
Q

most animals reproduce…

A

sexually

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14
Q

what does embryology mean?

A

the study of the development of cells

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15
Q

in most species, a small _______ ______ fertilizes a larger ________ ________

A

flagellated sperm; nonmotile egg

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16
Q

what is a nonmotile egg?

A

an egg that cannot move on its own

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17
Q

what does the zygote undergo that leads to the formation of a multicellular, hollow ball of cells called blastula?

A

cleavage; a succession (development) of mitotic cell divisions

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18
Q

what are the multicellular, hollow ball of cells called?

A

blastula’s

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19
Q

what happens during gastrulation?

A

SLIDE: part of the embryo folds inward which forms layers of embryonic tissues (and then develops into body parts)

CHAT: ball of cells starts to organize into layers, which later forms different body parts

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20
Q

what’s the difference between gastrulation and gastrula?

A

GASTRULATION: the PROCESS where the embryo fold inward to form different layers of cells
GASTRULA: what the embryo is called during and after this process

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21
Q

what is a larva?

A

a young, immature form that looks very different from the adult animal. Eats different food and may live in a different place than the adult

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22
Q

what will larva eventually go though when it changes into adult form?

A

metamorphosis

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23
Q

animals can be categorized by…

A

the symmetry of their bodies

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24
Q

what are the types of animal body symmetry?

A
  1. Bilateral symmetry
  2. Radial symmetry
  3. Spherical symmetry
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25
Q

what animal has radial symmetry?

A

sea anemones

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26
Q

what does bilateral symmetry inquire?

A
  • dorsal (top) side
  • ventral (bottom) side
  • left and right side
  • anterior (head) end
  • posterior (tail) end
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27
Q

what does the “dorsal” side mean?

A

refers to the back or upper side of the animal
- think of ‘mon dos’ in french means my back

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28
Q

what does the “ventral” side mean?

A

refers to the “belly” or underside of the animal

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29
Q

what does “anterior” mean?

A
  • for humans, refers to the front of the body (face, chest, belly)
  • for animals, refers to where the head-end is
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30
Q

what does “posterior” mean?

A
  • for humans, refers to the back side of the body (spine or butt)
  • for animals, refers to the where the tail-end is
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31
Q

what is linked with bilateral symmetry?

A

cephalization

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32
Q

what is cephalization?

A

over time animals have evolved to have most of their sensory organs at the front or head. Along with this, the nervous system becomes more focused in the head, with a nerve cord running down toward the tail

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33
Q

the symmetry of an animal generally fits its ______

A

lifestyle

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34
Q

animals that move a lot are generally what type of symmetry?

A

bilateral

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35
Q

animals central nervous system allows them to…

A

coordinate complex movements such as crawling, burrowing, flying, swimming

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36
Q

how do you get different layers of cells?

A

when the cells fold over each other aka gastrulation

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37
Q

how many layers of embryonic tissue (germ layers) do animals have typically? how many do humans have?

A

2-3 (humans have 3)

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38
Q

what are the 3 germ layers called?

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. endoderm
  3. mesoderm
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39
Q

animals that only have two germ layers are called….

A

diploblastic

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40
Q

what is the ectoderm?

A

the OUTER germ layer of an embryo of animal cells.
- eventually forms the skin/outer covering of the body
- in some animals, it also helps form central nervous system

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41
Q

if you have three layers, what is it called?

A

tripoblastic

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42
Q

what is the endoderm?

A

the INNERMOST layer of an embryo of animal cells
- forms the inside lining of the digestive system
- creates organs like the liver and lungs in animals with back bones (vertebrates)

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43
Q

what’s the difference between vertebrates and invertebrates?

A

Vertebrates have a backbone or spine (like humans, bird, fish and reptiles), where invertebrates do not have a back bone. Example: insects, worms, jellyfish, and snails

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44
Q

what is the mesoderm?

A

the layer that lies between the endo and ectoderm layers of an animal cell embryo.
- develops into the muscles and most other organs between the digestive tube and the outer covering of the animal

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45
Q

what does pseudo mean?

A

they have a body cavity but it isn’t lined with mesoderm

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46
Q

what does the fluid in the pseudocoelom act as?

A

hydrostatic skeleton and a circulatory system

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47
Q

what are the three phyla of lophophorate animals?

A
  1. Ectoprotca
  2. Phoronida
  3. Brachiopoda
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48
Q

what is the shape of lophophore?

A

horseshoe-shaped or circular fold of the body wall that has ciliated tentacles

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49
Q

what do the ciliated tentacles do?

A

bring food (nutrients) to mouth

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50
Q

what type of worms have bodies much like those of flatworms?

A

proboscis worms or ribbon worms

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51
Q

whats different between the bodies of ribbon worms and flatworms?

A

ribbon worms have a small fluid-filled sac that is a reduced version of a true coelom

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52
Q

what is a coelom?

A

a flexible space inside the body that holds organs and provides them with room to function without being compressed/damaged (body cavity lined by the mesodermal tissue)

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53
Q

nearly all nemerteans are _____, but there are still some that inhabit _____ freshwater or damp soil, as some are swimmer and some are burrowers.

A

marine

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54
Q

what do nemerteans not have in their body?

A

a heart

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55
Q

how is the blood moved around in a nemertean?

A

the blood is propelled by muscles squeezing the vessels

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56
Q

what is a proboscis?

A

something the worm uses to capture prey; muscular, tube-like extension they push out of their mouth

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57
Q

what are examples of molluscs?

A
  • scallops
  • snails
  • slugs
  • octopus
  • clam
  • squid
  • oyster
  • mussel
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58
Q

what are the characteristics of mollusca?

A
  • marine or terrestrial
  • soft-bodied
  • some are protected by hard shell
  • similar body plan
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59
Q

where could i find molluscs?

A

anywhere. (marine, fresh water, terrestrial)

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60
Q

even though all molluscs look different, they have a similar body plan. What does this body plan include?

A
  • muscular foot (for movement)
  • visceral mass (to hold internal organs)
  • mantle (shell)
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61
Q

what is the hard shell of mollusca made of?

A

calcium carbonate

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62
Q

how do many molluscs (like snails and slugs) feed?

A

by using a tongue-like organ with tiny teeth, aka radula, to scrape up food

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63
Q

what is the tongue-like organ on snails called?

A

radula

64
Q

all annelids have ______ bodies

A

segmented (“little rings”)

65
Q

where do annelids live?

A

moist environments (for gas exchange): sea, frshwater habitats, or damp soil

66
Q

what are the 3 class that divide the phylum annelida?

A
  1. Oligochaeta (earthworms)
  2. Polychaeta (polychaetes)
  3. Hirundinea (leeches)
67
Q

Oligochaetes are named for their…

A

relatively sparse chaetae or bristles made of chitin

68
Q

what is chaetae?

A

small, bristle-like structures found on the bodies of segmented worms.
- help with movement by grip and traction as the worm crawls through soil or swims

69
Q

how do earthworms eat?

A

eat their way through soil, extracting nutrients as the soil passes through the alimentary canal

70
Q

what are worm ‘castings’?

A

their feces

70
Q

earthworms till the soil, enriching it with their _______.

A

castings

71
Q

what are nematodes?

A

non-segmented (pseudocoelomates) worms. round, with tough cuticle

72
Q

where are nematodes found?

A
  • most aquatic habitats
  • wet soil
  • moist tissues of plants
  • the body fluids/tissues of animals
73
Q

as the worm grows (nematodes), what happens?

A

it sheds its old cuticle periodically and develops a new/larger one

74
Q

why are nematodes good in a way?

A

they decompose organic matter in the bottom of lakes and oceans (good cleaners/nutrient recyclers)

75
Q

what are arthopods? give example

A

segmented coelomates that have an exoskeleton and jointed appendages; butterfly, spider, lobster, scorpions, crabs

76
Q

what is the most successful phylum (animals)?

A

phylum arthropoda

77
Q

why are arthopodes so successful?

A

three reasons:
1. body segmentation
2. a hard exoskeleton
3. jointed appendages

78
Q

what do the groups of segments and appendages permit?

A

efficient division of labour among regions

79
Q

what is the exoskeleton of arthopodes made of?

A

layers of protein and chitin

80
Q

what phylum are sea stars (starfish) in?

A

Echinodermata

81
Q

where does echinodermata get its name?

A

chino = spiny
derma = skin

-> spiny skin

82
Q

what kind of symmetry do echinoderms have?

A

radial symmetry (but not perfectly)

83
Q

what does the skin of sea stars look/feel like?

A

prickly from skeletal bumps

84
Q

“star fish” are actually referred to as…

A

sea stars

85
Q

how many arms are typically found on echinderms?

A

5

86
Q

what do the tube feet of echinoderms function as?

A

locomotion, feeding and gas exchange. act like a suction disk

87
Q

what are some other examples of echinoderms?

A
  • sea cucumbers
  • sea urchins
  • feather stars
  • sea lilies
  • brittle stars
88
Q

whats another way bilateral animals can be distinguished (separated)?

A

based on whether or not they have body cavity

89
Q

what is a body cavity?

A

a fluid-filled space inside an animals body that separates the organs from the outer body wall

90
Q

what is a true coelom?

A

a body cavity formed from tissue derived from mesoderm

91
Q

what are animals with a true coelom called?

A

coelomates

92
Q

some animals have a body cavity formed from _____, rather than mesoderm. what is this type of cavity called?

A

blastocel; pseudocel

93
Q

what does the word “pseudocoel” mean?

A

false coelom

94
Q

what are the animals called that have pseudocoel (body cavity that is not lined with mesoderm tissue)?

A

pseudocoelomates

95
Q

animals without any body cavity are called…

A

acelomates

96
Q

what are the functions of a body cavity? (3)

A
  1. cushions internal organs which helps to prevent internal injury
  2. can act as a skeleton for muscles to push against
  3. lets internal organs grow and move without affecting the outer body
97
Q

what’re the 2 developmental modes for animals?

A
  1. protostome development
  2. deuterostome development
98
Q

what’re the differences between the two developmental modes? (protostome vs deuterestome)

A
  1. cleavage pattern
  2. coelom formation
  3. blastopore fate
99
Q

what is the cleavage pattern difference between protostome dev. and deuterostome dev.?

A

PROT:
- SPIRAL cleavage (cells divide diagonally to the vertical egg axis)
- DETERMINATE cleavage (fate of the cell is determined in early dev.). if the cell is separated from the rest of the embryo it cannot develop into a complete embryo on its own b/c its fate has already been decided
DEUT:
- RADIAL cleavage (cells divide parallel or perp. to vertical egg axis)
- INDETERMINATE cleavage (cells still has potential in the early embryo to develop into a complete embryo)

100
Q

what is the difference between the dev. of archenteron of prots vs deuts?

A

PROTS:
schizocoelous dev. looks like the outline of a tree with a sac on the bottom of the stem
DEUTS:
enterocoelous dev. looks like the outline of a bunny

101
Q

explain the schizocoelous dev

A

masses of mesoderm split to create the coelom

102
Q

explain the enterocoelous dev.

A

mesoderm pinches off from the wall of the archenteron (the developing gut) and hollows out

103
Q

what is blastopore?

A

the opening of the archenteron (developing digestive gut)
- depending on the type of animal, blastopore can develop into either the mouth or anus

104
Q

what is archenteron? what is it also known as?

A

a blind pouch inside of the embryo
- “developing digestive tube/gut”

105
Q

in protostomes, the blastopore usually develops into the mouth or anus first?

A

mouth

106
Q

in deuterostomes, the blastopore usually develops into the mouth or anus first?

A

anus

107
Q

where do invertebrates inhabit?

A

nearly all environments on earth

108
Q

what is the phylum Porifera commonly known as?

A

sponges

109
Q

where do sponges live?

A

freshwater and marine environments

110
Q

how do sponges eat (what type of feeder)?

A

suspension feeders: they eat nutrients that come from water passing through food-trapping equipment. don’t hunt

111
Q

what lines the spongocoel and creates a flow of water through the sponge with their flagella and trap food with their collars?

A

flagellated chaonocytes or collar cells

112
Q

what are oscula?

A

the large openings or exit pores in a sponge’s body through which water flows out after it has been filtered for food

113
Q

what does the body of a simple sponge resemble?

A

sac perforated with holes

114
Q

what is the central cavity of a sponge called?

A

spongocoel

115
Q

what do sponges lack?

A

true tissues

116
Q

what are the two cell layers in the body of a sponge separated by?

A

the mesohyl: a gelatinous region

117
Q

what can be found wandering through the mesohyl of sponges?

A

amoebocytes

118
Q

what are the function of amoebocytes (found in the mesohyl of sponges)?

A
  • transport/digest nutrients
  • make the sponge’s skeleton (skeletal fibres within the mesohyl)
119
Q

what are the two types of skeletal fibres that amoebocytes secrete?

A
  1. sharp spicules: made of calcium carbonate or silica
  2. flexible fibres: made from spongin (collagen protein)
120
Q

most sponges are sequential hermaphordites, meaning…

A

they produce sperm and eggs at different times.

121
Q

where does the sperm and eggs (gametes) come from for sponges?

A

special cells call chaonocytes and amoebocytes

122
Q

all animals that have true tissues belong to the _______ (sub-kingdom under animalia)

A

Eumetazoa

123
Q

what’s an example of an animal from the Phylum Cnidaria?

A

jellyfish, corals, hydras, sea anemones

124
Q

what are Cnidarians known for?

A

their simple body structure and their ability to sting

125
Q

what does the basic cnidarian body plan look like? how many variations are there?

A

sac with a central digestive compartment. two variations:
1. sessile polyp (like a cylinder that can’t move)
2. floating medusa (like a jellyfish)

126
Q

what is the central digestive cavity in cnidarian’s?

A

gastrovascular cavity

127
Q

how do polyps eat (since they can’t move)?

A

extend their tentacles and wait for prey

128
Q

how do medusa move?

A

by drifting passively and by extracting their bell-shaped bodies

129
Q

the tentacles of a jelly dangle from the ______ _______

A

oral surface

130
Q

what are the tentacles of cnidarians covered in to help catch prey?

A

cnidocytes

131
Q

what are the organelles inside cnidocytes that are the stinging capsules called?

A

nematocysts

132
Q

when the cnidarians mouth is close, the gastrovascular cavity acts as a ______ ______

A

hydrostatic skeleton

133
Q

during which explosion did most major groups of bilaterians emerge?

A

Cambrain explosion

134
Q

whats an example of an acoelomate with gastrovascular cavities?

A

flatworms

135
Q

where can i find a flatworm?

A

marine, freshwater and damp terrestrial habitats

136
Q

are flatworms tripoblastic?

A

yes

137
Q

what do flatworms lack?

A

a coelom

138
Q

how do tapeworms eat (since they lack a digestive system)?

A

absorb nutrients directly through their skin

139
Q

why are flatworms flat?

A

so that all cells are close to water for gas exchange and waste removal by diffusion

140
Q

what does excretory system of flatworms use?

A

flame bulbs

141
Q

what are flame bulbs?

A

help with fluid balance by moving waste out of body

142
Q

what are rotifers?

A

pseudocoelomates with jaws crowns of cilia and complete digestive tracts

143
Q

where could i find rotifers?

A

freshwater, sea or in damp soil

144
Q

do rotifers have a separate mouth and anus

A

yes

145
Q

in rotifers, what does the pseudocoelom also serve as?

A

circulatory system

146
Q

what does the word “rotifer” refer to?

A

“wheel-bearer”. refers to the crown of cilia that create a water current to pull in food to the mouth

147
Q

what are the jaws of rotifers called?

A

trophi

148
Q

what are lophoporates?

A

group of animals (coelomate) that has lophophore

149
Q

what is lophophore?

A

a feeding STRUCTURE with ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and help pull in water for feeding.

150
Q

how do earthworms develop their eggs?

A

two earthworms exchange sperm and then is stored while the clitellum produces a mucous cocoon. As the cocoon moves along the earthworms body, it collects eggs and the stored sperm, then slips off into the soil, where the eggs will develop

151
Q

earthworms are hermaphrodites, meaning they….

A

have both male and female reproductive organs

152
Q

why are most echinoderms (sea stars) prickly?

A

from skeletal bumps and spines that have various functions

153
Q

where do the internal and external parts of echinoderms radiate from?

A

from the center

154
Q

what’s the difference between gastrulation and cleavage?

A

gastrulation purpose: to make new body parts by the blastula cell folding inward on itself. creates gastula

cleavage purpose: to make as many new cells within the same original volume. creates blastula

BIO1621 (8 decks)

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