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BIO1621 > Lecture 5/6/7/8: Plants > Flashcards

Lecture 5/6/7/8: Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Plants can inhibit almost everywhere on land except…

A

some:
1. mountain tops
2. desert areas
3. polar regions

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2
Q

What is the key for other organisms to survive on earth? Why?

A

plants; they provide oxygen, food source, a habitat for some organisms

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3
Q

land plants evolved from what?

A

green algae

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4
Q

what type of green algae is the closest relative to plants?

A

charophytes

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5
Q

what are the 3 distinct traits that charophytes (type of green algae) that they share with plants?

A
  1. rings of proteins
  2. sperm structure
  3. phragmoplast
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6
Q

explain the ‘rings of proteins’ trait that charophytes and plants share:

A
  • they both have protein rings in their plasma membranes that make cellulose in the cell wall
  • circular, petal shaped arrays
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7
Q

explain the ‘sperm structure’ trait that charophytes and plants share:

A

shape and structure of the flagellated sperm is very similar
- looks like those big seashell conches

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8
Q

explain the ‘phragmoplast’ trait that charophytes and plants share:

A

structure that forms during cell division in both

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9
Q

what is phragmoplast?

A

a structure that forms during cell division
- helps organize the cell’s machinery to form a new cell wall (from cell plate) between the 2 daughter cells

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10
Q

what adaptations enabled the move to land?

A
  • shallow water habitat
  • survive dry periods
  • layer of durable polymer called “sporopollenin”: prevents zygotes from drying out
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11
Q

what did the move to land provide for plants?

A
  • bright sunlight
  • carbon dioxide from air versus water
  • soil had abundant of mineral nutrients
  • initially less predators and pathogens
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12
Q

what were some challenges plants faced when they moved to land?

A
  • relative scarcity of water
  • lack of structural support against gravity
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13
Q

what adaptations enabled plants to overcome the challenges faced when they moved to land?

A
  1. Alternation of generations
  2. Multicellular, dependent embryos
  3. Walled spores produced in sporangia
  4. Multicellular gametangia
  5. Apical meristerms
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14
Q

what does ‘alternation of generations’ mean?

A

means that plants alternate between two different life stages or generations:

  1. Gametophyte (haploid stage)
  2. Sporophyte (diploid stage) DOMINANT
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15
Q

which stage is dominant for plants? Sporophyte or Gametophyte?

A

Sporophyte: the visible plant is diploid (the tip of the plant and stem, the ‘end’ of the process)

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16
Q

explain gametophyte stage for plants

A

prominent life stage where the entire plant body is haploid, where the plant produces gametes directly. (the roots- beginning of the process)

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17
Q

in general, how does the alternation of generations work?

A
  1. a male gametophyte and a female gametophyte produce gametes (sperm and eggs)
  2. they combine in fertilization to form a diploid plant, a sporophyte
  3. the sporophyte grows and produces spores through meiosis
  4. the spores germinate into a new gametophyte
    repeat
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18
Q

multicellular plant embryos develop from what?

A

zygotes that are retained within tissues of the female parent

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19
Q

why are land plants also known as embryophytes?

A

because of the significant derived trait of the multicellular dependent embryo

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20
Q

what does the parent provide to the embryo for plants?

A

nutrients (sugars/amino acids)

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21
Q

plant spores are _____ reproductive cells that grow into ____________ by ______.

A
  • haploid
  • gametophytes
  • mitosis
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22
Q

what makes the walls of spores very tough/resistant to harsh environments?

A

sporopollenin (a polymer)

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23
Q

what are the multicellular organs called that are found on the sporophyte and produce spores?

A

sporangia

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24
Q

what do the outer tissues of the sporangium do?

A

they protect the developing spores until they are ready to be released

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25
Q

what the difference between the female gametangium and male gametangium?

A
  • FEMALE: produces a single cell in a vase shaped organ
  • MALE: produce and release sperm into the environment
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26
Q

how does a zygote form and develop?

A

the sperm swims to the egg and they fuse within the archegonium (female gametangium), and then develops into an embryo

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27
Q

apical meristems differentiate (grow) into what 2 types of plant tissues?

A
  • surface epidermis
  • internal tissues
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28
Q

what are apical meristems?

A

special growth zones at the tips of roots and shoots that produce new cells

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29
Q

what are the two types of land plants?

A
  1. vascular
  2. nonvascular
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30
Q

whats the difference between vascular and non-vasc?

A

having a vascular system vs not having one

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31
Q

whats in vascular system?

A

specialized tissues;
- xylem (for transporting water and minerals)
- phloem (for transporting sugars and nutrients)

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32
Q

what do non vascular plants lack?

A
  • vascular system, which in return lacks xylem and phloem
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33
Q

which plant grows taller, vasc or non-vasc? Why?

A

vasc, they have an efficient way to transport water and nutrients compared to non vasc

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34
Q

what are some examples of non-vasc plants?

A

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

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35
Q

what is the only plant with a life cycle in which gametophyte generation is dominant?

A

non vasc plants

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36
Q

what are non vasc plants informally known as?

A

bryophytes

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37
Q

what are the 3 phyla of bryophytes (non vasc)?

A
  1. mosses
  2. liverworts
  3. hornworts
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38
Q

in bryophytes, what is the largest and most conspicuous phase of the life cycle?

A

gametophytes are the largest

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39
Q

what are the filaments that are one cell thick on gametophyte called?

A

protonema

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40
Q

how do bryophyte spores germinate and grow into gametophytes?

A

mitosis

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41
Q

what is a protonema?

A

the early growth stage of bryophyte (like a baby moss)
- has a large surface area
- in turn helps it absorb water and minerals
- this is important because bryophytes live in moist environments
- in good conditions, protonema develops into gametophores

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42
Q

what are gametophores?

A

the structures that produce gametes (sperm and eggs).
- eventually becomes the leafy part of the moss
- only few cells thick, which allows all the cells to be close to water and dissolved minerals
- important because bryophytes don’t have complex systems to move water inside their bodies

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43
Q

what do most bryophytes lack?

A

non vasc, thus conducting tissues to distribute water and nutrients (transportation system)

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44
Q

what are bryophytes anchored by?

A

Rhizoids: tubular cells or filaments of cells

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45
Q

what’s the difference between rhizoids (non vasc) and roots (vasc)?

A
  • rhizoids don’t play a crucial role in absorbing water/nutrients. just an anchor. not a true root as it lacks vascular tissues
  • roots do play a big role in absorbing water/nutrients along with being an anchorage
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46
Q

what is the stage in the bryophyte life cycle that produces spores called?

A

bryophyte sporophyte

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47
Q

bryophyte sporophytes produce and release a huge number of _____

A

spores

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48
Q

is it true that photosynthesis is only temporary for sporophytes?

A

yes, only occurs in young sporophytes

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49
Q

the sporophyte is dependent on what part of the bryophyte for its entire life?

A

the maternal gametophyte (the green leafy part of the moss)
- it cannot survive on its own and stays attached to the gametophyte

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50
Q

why does the sporophyte stay on the gametophyte its whole life?

A

because the gametophyte provides essential resources like sugars, amino acids, minerals and water

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51
Q

what group of plants has the smallest and simplest sporophytes of all modern plant groups?

A

bryophytes

52
Q

what are the 3 main parts of moss sporophytes?

A
  1. foot
  2. seta
  3. sporangium (capsule)
53
Q

what is the ‘foot’ of the moss and its function?

A

it is the base of the sporophyte that anchors it to the parent gametophyte.
- absorbs water and nutrients from the parent gametophyte

54
Q

what is the ‘seta’ of the moss and its function?

A

the elongated stalk that connects the foot to the capsule
- carries the absorbed nutrients and water from the foot to the capsule

55
Q

what is the ‘sporangium/capsule’ of the moss and its function?

A

the top part where spores are produced
- the main reproductive part of the moss sporophyte

56
Q

what is the sporangium/capsule protected by?

A

it is covered by a protective layer called the calyptra.
- comes from the gametophyte tissue
- layer falls off when the capsule is ready to release spores

57
Q

what part of the bryophyte is specialized for gradual spore release?

A

the upper part of the capsule: the peristome

58
Q

which type of bryophyte has the simplest sporophytes?

A

liverworts

59
Q

which types of bryophyte sporophytes are larger and more complex?

A

moss and hornwort

60
Q

what do the sporophytes of mosses and hornworts have that’s kind of like vascular plants?

A

epidermal stomata

61
Q

what does hornwort resemble?

A

blades of grass, but have a cuticle

62
Q

what does liverwort resemble?

A

kinda like a dog tongue

63
Q

where can bryophytes habitat?

A

anywhere

64
Q

which type of moss is abundant and widespread?

A

sphagnum (brown, loose looking)

65
Q

what are wet regions dominated by sphagnum/peat moss also known as?

A

peat bogs

66
Q

how do peatlands play an important role as carbon reservoirs?

A

they stabilize atmospheric carbon dioxide levels

67
Q

what has sphagnum been used for in the past?

A
  • diapers
  • natural antiseptic material for wounds
68
Q

what is sphagnum used for today?

A
  • soil conditioner
  • for packing plants’ roots
69
Q

is moss vascular or non vascular?

A

non vasc- doesn’t have specialized tissues

70
Q

how many clades are found within the vascular plants?

A

3

71
Q

whats the main difference between the clades of vascular plants?

A

seeded vs. seedless (club mosses and ferns)

72
Q

what were the main plants on land for the first 100 million years?

A

non-vasc plants (like mosses)

73
Q

why were these early vascular plants (like ferns) key during the Carboniferous period?

A

b/c they provide insight on how plants evolved before seed plants (like trees and flowers) came along

74
Q

quickly explain “Carboniferous period”

A

SHORTEN: Carboniferous - carbon in the form of coal was formed from the plants of that era

MORE EXPLANATION: really long time ago when Earth had huge swampy forests full of tall fern-like plants (grew tall from abundance of carbon dioxide and warm/wet climate). When these plants died they got buried and eventually turned into coal over millions of years.

75
Q

where are vasc plants most commonly found today and why?

A

damp/moist environments: they need water so that their sperm can swim to reach the eggs and reproduce

76
Q

what are the 5 main traits that modern vasc plants have?

A
  1. life cycle with dominant sporophytes
  2. transport systems (xylem and phloem)
  3. roots
  4. leafs
  5. sporophylls/spore variations (like pincones)
77
Q

which generation is the dominant stage for vasc plants?

A

sporophyte generation

78
Q

for vasc plants, the gametophytes are what?

A

tiny plants that grow on or just below the soil surface

79
Q

what does xylem conduct?

A

conducts most of the water and minerals

80
Q

what does phloem conduct?

A

conducts/distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

81
Q

what did vascular tissues enable for evolution?

A
  • evolution of roots
  • grow to greater heights
82
Q

explain what roots are quickly

A

organs that anchor vascular plants and enable them to absorb water and nutrients from soil

83
Q

what are leaves?

A

organs that increase the surface area of vasc plant
- allows them to capture more solar energy for photosynthesis
- classified as microphylls/megaphylls

84
Q

whats the difference between homosporous and heterosporous plants?

A

HOMO: one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte (can produce both sperm and eggs). most seedless plants

HETERO: two types of spores-
1. Microspores = develop into male gametophytes (sperm)
2. Megaspores =develop into female gametophytes (eggs).
Most seeded plants, some seedless

85
Q

whats the significance of seedless vascular plants?

A
  • big impact on CO2: since these plants developed better systems that allowed them to photosynthesize more efficiently, this also meant they were able to take in way more CO2 from the air. this lowered CO2 levels up to 5 times.
  • global cooling: with the dropped CO2 levels, the Earth’s climate cooled down
  • plant material turned into thick peat layers, and then turned into coal
86
Q

what was the single most important culture change in the history of humanity? why?

A

agriculture; made the transition from hunter-gathered societies to permanent settlements

87
Q

what adaptations helped seed plants become successful?

A
  • seeds
  • smaller gametophytes
  • pollen
  • ovules
88
Q

which type of vascular plants have tiny gametophytes that are still visible to the naked eye? (seed of seedless)

A

seedless vasc plants

89
Q

are the gametophytes of seeded plants visible to the naked eye?

A

no- microscopicly small. they develop inside the sporangia

90
Q

the gametophytes of ____ plants obtain nutrients from their parents, whereas the free-living gametophytes of _______ vasc plants must fend for themselves.

A
  • seeded
  • seedless
91
Q

seed plants are unique in retaining their…

A

megaspores within the parent sporophyte

92
Q

whats an ovule?

A

small structure found in seed plants that develops into a seed after fertilization

think ovule = ovaries

93
Q

in angiosperms, where is the ovule?

A

it is enclosed in the ovary

94
Q

in gymnosperms, where is the ovule?

A

it is exposed on the surface of cones before developing into seeds

95
Q

what’s an integument?

A

it is the protective outerlayer of an ovule in seed plants
- protects the developing egg cell inside
- develops into the tough outer shell of a seed

96
Q

what do microspores (male gametophytes) develop into?

A

pollen grains

97
Q

how is pollen spread?

A

by wind or animals

98
Q

the process of moving pollen to where the ovule is located is called ______

A

pollination

99
Q

what happens once the pollen reaches the ovule?

A

it starts to grow a pollen tube, which allows the sperm to travel to the female gametophyte and fertilize

100
Q

whats the difference between fertilization for bryophytes (seedless) and seed plants?

A
  • bryophytes needed water for their sperm to travel
  • seed plants rely on a pollen tube that directly places the egg inside the ovule without water
101
Q

the ovules and seed of gymnosperms (aka ________) develop on the surface of modified leaves that usually form cones

A

naked seeds

think guys are naked in hockey gym

102
Q

ovules and seed of _________ develop in enclosed chambers called _____

A

angiosperms; ovaries

103
Q

whats the most familiar gymnosperms?

A

the confiers (cone-bearing trees)
- pines, fir, redwood, spruces, cedars

104
Q

where in the world do conifers dominate large forests?

A

northern hem

105
Q

what does evergreen mean?

A

leaves year-round

106
Q

what does deciduous mean?

A

leaves fall in autumn

107
Q

what further reduces water loss in conifers?

A
  • thick cuticle covering the leaves
  • the placement of the stomata
108
Q

why is the wood of conifers very strong?

A

xylem tissue (aids the structural support)

109
Q

what was the first see plants recorded? gymno or angio

A

gymno

110
Q

main diff between gymno and angio

A
  • GYMNO: conifer
  • ANGIO: flowering/fruiting plant

think gymbros are straight and angio are fruity

111
Q

explain mesozoic era quick

A

age of gymnosperms, where dinos were supported by forests mostly made up of gymnosperms like conifers and cycads

112
Q

what are the 3 key adaptations to terrestrial life in seed plants?

A
  1. increasing dominance of the sporophyte
  2. seed as a dispersal stage
  3. pollen for reproduction
113
Q

what are the two types of cones for pines?

A
  1. small pollen cones for male gametophytes
  2. large ovulate cones for female gametophyte
114
Q

how long does it take from the appearance of a young cone on a pine tree to the formation of mature seeds?

A

3 years

115
Q

all angiosperms are placed in a single phylum- phylum _______.

A

Anthophyta

116
Q

what is the key structure in angiosperms that evolved specifically for sexual reproduction?

A

the flower

117
Q

flowers (angiosperms) use ____ to help with pollination, others rely on _____.

A

animals/insects; wind

118
Q

what are the 4 layers of special leaves for a flower?

A
  1. Sepals: located at the base of the flower. sterile, meaning they don’t participate in reproduction
  2. Petals: brightly coloured to attract pollinators, sterile
  3. Stamens: the male reproductive organs. has 2 parts, anther (produces pollen) and filament (the stalk that holds up the anther)
  4. Carpels: the female reproductive organs. pollen lands on the stigma, travels down the style, and fertilizes the ovule in the ovary
119
Q

_____ help disperse the seeds of angiosperms

A

fruits

120
Q

what is a fruit?

A

mainly a mature ovary of a flower

121
Q

whats the purpose of a fruit?

A

help protect seeds and ensure they have a better chance of growing into new plants

122
Q

what happens to the fruit if the flower isn’t pollinated?

A

the fruit doesn’t develop

123
Q

what are the 2 fruit types?

A
  1. fleshy fruits (soft, juicy fruit wall when they ripen): oranges/grapes
  2. Dry fruits (fruit wall becomes hard/dry when mature): beans/grains
124
Q

what kind of fruit is staple for humans?

A

the dry, wind-dispersed fruits of grasses

125
Q

how are fruits classified?

A

according to whether they develop from a single/multiple ovary(s) or from more than one flower

126
Q

the formation of a phragmoplast in an important part of the life cycle of charophytes. What are phragmoplast?

A

microtubes that form between daughter nuclei of dividing cell

127
Q

what are cotyledons?

A

the first leaves (or seed leaves) that develop from the embryo of a seed plant

  • they store food that provides energy for the seedling until it can produce true leaves and start photosynthesizing on its own

BIO1621 (8 decks)

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