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PSYC2020 > Lecture8 > Flashcards

Lecture8 Flashcards

1
Q

List the 3 components of emotion

A

Physiological changes (not always conscious), subjective feeling & associated behaviour (e.g. facial expression)

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2
Q

Define emotion

A

A feeling state characterised by physiological arousal, expressive behaviours, & a cognitive interpretation

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3
Q

What are some physiological components of emotion?; Expressive components?;
Cognitive components?

A

Heart rate, breathing & sweating;
Facial expressions, body movements & voice;
Beliefs & appraisals

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4
Q

What learnt factors depend on how we control our emotions?

A

Personality, past history/culture, situational factors & mood

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5
Q

How does the autonomic system deal with states of arousal?

A

Sympathetic - fight or flight; parasympathetic - calming down; enteric - visceral (butterflies/sick to stomach)

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6
Q 
The sympathetic nervous system dilates...; 
Inhibits...; 
Increases...; 
Stimulates...; 
Secretes...; 
Relaxes...
A 
Pupils; 
Salivation, digestion & genitals; 
Respiration & heartbeat; 
Glucose release; 
Adrenaline & noradrenaline; 
Bladder
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7
Q

The parasympathetic system constricts…;
Stimulates…;
Slows…;
Contracts…

A

Pupils;
Salivation, gall bladder, digestion & genitals;
Respiration & heartbeat;
Bladder

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8
Q

What physiological responses are typically measured on a polygraph?

A

Galvanic skin response; pulse; blood pressure; breathing & fidgeting

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9
Q

What is the theory about the order of emotions & responses according to folk psychology?

A

Perceived event (stimulus) leads to emotional experience (e.g. fear response) which leads to physiological & behavioural changes (autonomic arousal)

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10
Q

What is the James-Lange theory about the order of emotions & responses?

A

Perceived event (stimulus) leads to physiological behaviour (arousal) which leads to emotional experience (e.g. conscious feeling of fear);

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11
Q

In regards to the James-Lange theory, William James says…;
Carl Lange says…

A

Physiological arousal causes emotion;

Physiological arousal IS the emotion

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12
Q

What are some problems with the James-Lange view?

A

Visceral responses are not specific enough to determine particular emotions, they would take too long to cause emotion, they can occur without emotions & emotions can occur without visceral responses

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13
Q

How did Maranon find that visceral responses can occur without emotions?;
How did Cannon find the same thing?

A

Injecting subjects with adrenaline produced physiological responses but no clear emotional states;
Disconnecting viscera from CNS by removing SNS in cats has no effect on emotional expressions

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14
Q

What is the Facial Feedback-hypothesis about emotions?; What’s an example of the strong version of this?;
What’s the weak version?

A

Expressing a particular emotion puts us into the corresponding emotional state (similar to James-Lange); First you laugh, then you infer “that’s funny” or “I’m happy”;
Facial expression modulates emotion (i.e. fake it till you make it)

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15
Q

How was the Facial Feedback-hypothesis tested?

A

By asking participants to contract/relax facial muscles important for expressing emotion, then testing intensity of emotion when corresponding muscle groups are active

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16
Q

Why did Duchenne stimulate facial muscles to create grotesque facial expressions?;
What marks a Duchenne smile?

A

To find out which muscle groups are involved in genuine expressions;
Lines around & under the eyes, raised cheeks, naso-labial folds & corners of mouth pulled back & up

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17
Q

What is the Corrugator muscle involved in?
What does the Orbicularis Oculi muscle control?
The Zygomaticus muscle?

A

Frowning;
The eye when smiling;
The mouth when smiling

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18
Q

How does a facial EMG measure expression?;
Where do positive emotions increase activity?;
Where do negative emotions increase activity?

A

Electrodes placed on the face record activity in various muscles;
In the cheeks;
In forehead & brow areas

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19
Q

What evidence did Hennenlotter et al. find about botox injections?

A

Injecting botox into frown muscles decreases activity in brain regions that process emotions (amygdala & brain stem)

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20
Q

What did Havas et al. find about botox injections on subjects’ reading?

A

Slow reading of angry & sad sentences but not happy sentences

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21
Q

Physiological states & expressions / behaviour can modulate emotions, so it’s worth trying to…

A

Fake it until you make it

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22
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory about the order of emotions & responses?;
Therefore, emotions are…

A 
Perceived event (stimulus) processed in subcortical brain activity leading to both physiological & behavioural responses (autonomic arousal) & emotional experience (conscious feeling); 
Separate from ANS response & behaviour
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23
Q

Give an example of step 1 of Cannon-Bard’s Thalamic / Hypothalamic theory of emotion

A

Dog growls (stimulus); thalamus is activated & sends simultaneous messages to cerebral cortex (I am afraid - emotion) & SNS (My heart is beating fast, I’m breathing hard - bodily changes)

24
Q

What’s step 2 of the Cannon-Bard theory?;

A

Hypothalamus evaluates the emotional relevance of environmental events

25
Q

What’s step 3A of the Cannon-Bard theory?

Step 3B?

A

Cortex conscious experience - projections from hypothalamus to cortex mediate conscious experience; Brain stem emotional response

26
Q

Beginning at the olfactory bulb, name the main areas of the Limbic System in a clockwise direction

A

Cingulate gyrus, thalamus, fornix, hypothalamus, mamillary body, hippocampus, amygdala

27
Q

What progress was made with rhesus monkeys when assessing emotional behaviours?

A

Fear conditioning

28
Q

In classical conditioning, US is…;
UR is…;
CS is…;
CR is…

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (hardwired);
Unconditioned Response;
Conditioned Stimulus (learnt);
Conditioned Response

29
Q

What evidence reveals that the amygdala is important for fear learning?;
What do fMRI scans show?

A

Damage to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala interferes with fear conditioning;
Amygdala activity changes during conditioning, & these correlate with thalamus activity but not cortical activity

30
Q

What brain region is important for differential conditioning?;
What about contextual conditioning?

A

Cortex;

Hippocampus

31
Q

How is context conditioning applied?

A

No distinct CS, environment serves as CS; context A: CS-US, context B: CS (2 different environments)

32
Q

What’s an example of differential conditioning?

A

Animal receives electro shock upon tone in box A but not in box B

33
Q

Explain LeDoux’s Low Road to emotional processing

A

Sensory input to the thalamus straight to amygdala - activation of emotions before cognitive processing (unconscious); amygdala controls physiological & behavioural emotional response - no cortex involved

34
Q

Explain LeDoux’s High Road to emotional processing

A

Sensory impulses sent from the thalamus to the neocortex for cognitive processing (perceptions & interpretations), then activation of emotions in amygdala (modulated response)

35
Q

From the thalamus, the amygdala signals a threat which triggers the hypothalamus. What is the process of neurotransmitter activity from this point?;
What occurs simultaneously?

A

Hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) which activates the pituitary gland & secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) & cortisol is released (stress hormone);
Activation of adrenal gland, which releases adrenaline / noradrenaline (increasing sympathetic response)

36
Q

What did Feinstein et al. find when testing patients with focal bilateral amygdala lesions for fear?;

A

No conditioning to aversive stimuli, failure to recognise fearful faces & absence of fear when exposed to fear-provoking stimuli

37
Q

How did Feinstein et al. test for fear responses with 3 amygdala lesioned patients?;
What were the results?;
What did the controls show differently?

A

The 3 patients & 12 controls inhaled CO2;
Fear or panic was triggered in all 3 patients & physiological response was the same or heightened; Anticipatory fear response (they could predict)

38
Q

As well as for conditioning to fear, the amygdala is important for…;
What isn’t it necessary for?;
Who’s theory can’t explain fear response?;
Brain structures that by-pass the amygdala can also…

A

Anticipation or detection of threat;
Experiencing emotions (fear/panic);
LeDoux’s;
Evoke fear

39
Q

Provide 4 explanations as to why extinction is not “passive forgetting”

A

Spontaneous recovery (emergence of conditioned fear some time after extinction); renewal (reappears in a different context); reinstatement (emergence after encounter with CS alone after successful extinction); rapid reacquisition (faster than learning)

40
Q

What happens with active suppression of fear responses during extinction (learning)?

A

CS becomes ambiguous

41
Q

What happens at a neural level with associative learning?

A

Changing connection strengths between neurons (synaptic weights); changing wiring between neurons (plasticity)

42
Q

According to Hebbian’s learning rule, what is Synaptic strength?;
What is plasticity?

A

A synapse between 2 neurons is strengthened when the neurons on either side of the synapse (input & output) have highly correlated outputs (both activated or both inhibited);
What fires together wires together - neurogenesis & changes in wiring of synaptic connections

43
Q

Name 2 ways of changing synaptic weights

A

Coincident activity in pre- & post-synaptic neuron strengthens connection; modulatory interneuron can strengthen connections when activity coincides with pre-synaptic neuron

44
Q

What do neuromodulators do?;
What are 2 important neuromodulators?;
They don’t necessarily depolarize a cell directly but they…

A

Modulate firing rates (sensitivity) of enervated neurons; Dopamine & Serotonin;
Increase their sensitivity & have longer-lasting effects than neurotransmitters

45
Q

Extinction is an active process involving what?;

What doesn’t happen during extinction?

A

Changes in synaptic weights (similar to learning);

True unlearning of fear response (it’s latently there)

46
Q

Give 2 examples of research approaches to assess detection of threat vs. threat learning

A

Detection: visual search task; learning: resistance to extinction (conditioning to threatening vs. non-threatening CS+, then compare extinction for threat CS+ & non-threat CS+)

47
Q

What did Seligman & Maier find in their Learned Helplessness study with dogs?;
What did Hiroto find in the equivalent human experiment with loud noise?

A

Even though the dogs could escape electric shocks by jumping over a partition, 80% of the group 2 dogs never jumped;
The same results - those in uncontrollable noise condition didn’t learn to move the lever & stop the noise

48
Q

Learned helplessness is also known as…;
How is this linked to depression?;
What is learned helplessness an example of?

A

Retardation of learning, learning transfer or consequences of learning;
From learning that outcomes are uncontrollable;
How past learning / experience directly influences how a situation is perceived & how this perception leads to certain emotions / mood states

49
Q

Give examples of how attributions determine the development of helplessness

A

Stable v.s unstable attributions > chronic vs. acute helplessness; global vs. specific attributions > broad vs. narrow helplessness; internal vs. external attributions > lower vs. higher self-esteem

50
Q

Explain the Schachter & Singer 2-factor theory of emotion

A

Event (stimulus) > physiological changes (autonomic arousal) > cognitive labels (appraisal) > emotional experience & behaviour (conscious feeling)

51
Q

In the 2-factor theory, what equals emotion?;
Emotion only occurs if…;
How can this be tested?

A

Arousal + cognition;
Body is aroused; a reason for arousal is located; the labeling of arousal determines emotion; arousal without cognition leads to no emotion;
By making people attach a wrong cognitive label (misattribution) to arousal state

52
Q

In the experiment where participants were injected with Epinephrine (adrenaline), & either informed or misinformed about arousal effects followed by friendly or angry confederate, what were the results?

A

In euphoric condition, misinformed were happiest & informed the least happiest or angriest; informed group attributed arousal to the drug & were least effected by the context

53
Q

In Dutton & Aron’s misattribution experiment, where participants crossed either an unsafe or safe bridge, followed by a survey with attractive experimenter, who were more likely to call her & ask for a date?;
How could this be interpreted?

A

Those who crossed the unsafe bridge (50%) with only 12.5% of those who crossed the safe bridge;
People crossing the scary bridge misattributed arousal (fear) to the experimenter (attraction)

54
Q

Attributions can determine…;
What can arise from misattribution?;
What’s a similar theory to this?

A

The emotions we form or experience;
Misguided emotions;
Cognitive appraisal theory (cognition causes arousal)

55
Q

Explain the order of different theories of emotion over history

A

Focus on ANS, visceral responses & behaviour; brain structure & localisation (thalamus, hypothalamus & amygdala); conditioning to alter emotional responses to particular stimuli (& extinction); cognitive appraisal in defining emotions (or arousal)

PSYC2020 (11 decks)

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