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PSYC2020 > Lecture3 > Flashcards

Lecture3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is involved with a contrast x ray?

A

A contrast substance is injected into the circulatory system to accentuate the difference between the target tissue & surrounding tissue

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2
Q

What does an x ray computed tomography (caT scan) do?; What can it detect?

A

Assists in reconstructing a 3-D structure of the brain from many individual slices; Small bleeds in the brain

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3
Q

What is the difference between a single slice & a helical caT scan?

A

Single slice: a thin slice (1-2 mm thick) is taken; Helical: x ray source continues to rotate so you get a continuous 3-D scan

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4
Q

What 2 methods can be used in Positron Emission Tomography (PET)?;

A

Either inject a radioactive isotope (2-deoxyglucose) into an artery or inhale C1502 (a radioactive isotope of C02);

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5
Q

What occurs in Positron Emission Tomography (PET)?; Radioactivity is…; The half-life of isotopes is…

A

After injecting or inhaling the isotope, a task is completed & then can measure which part of the brain is active. Isotope is taken up by active portions of the brain but is not broken down; Shortlived; Less than 3 hours

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6
Q

In the colour vs. grey study by Pearlman et al., which hemisphere showed activation in the colour condition?

A

Left hemisphere

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7
Q

In the motion vs. stationary study by Zihl et al., which hemisphere showed activation in the motion condition?

A

Right hemisphere

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8
Q

What does Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) detect?

A

The waves emitted from hydrogen atoms when in a magnetic field

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9
Q

What is the purpose of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)?

A

It captures areas of increased oxygenated blood flow in the brain; more active areas take up more oxygenated blood which has magnetic properties

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10
Q

What does BOLD stand for?

A

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent signal

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11
Q

What are some advantages of fMRI?; What is a disadvantage?

A

No injection required; structural & functional information in the same image; good detail (spatial resolution); 3-D images of activity over the whole brain; Poor temporal resolution (takes 1-2 secs to travel from one area to another)

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12
Q

What occurs with the Paired Image Subtraction Method?

A

Control condition (no visual input) is subtracted from experimental condition (visual stimulation) & the difference is then detected so area is localised

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13
Q

What is involved with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?; What’s an advantage of this method?

A

Single magnetic pulses are applied to specific locations on the scalp during a behavioural task or repetitively prior to task performance; magnetic activity disrupts activity in the targeted structures by inducing an electrical current; It permits causal inference about neccessities of specific brain regions for a given task

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14
Q

Which two methods are often paired together?; Why?

A

fMRI & TMS; Data from the fMRI scan is used to locate where to apply the TMS pulse

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15
Q

What does Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measure?; Temporal resolution is…; Spatial resolution is…

A

Changes in the magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp; generates magnetic field in orthogonal direction when action potential is fired; Very good; Poor

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16
Q

What does Electroencephalography (EEG) record?

A

Psychophysiological activity (electrodes); detects collective brain wave activity across a larger area

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17
Q

Why is it important to find the average of multiple responses in EEG as opposed to individual responses?

A

Individual signals are noisy, the average is more informative

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18
Q

What does Electromyography (EMG) record?

A

Muscle behaviour; it records neuronal spikes in response to a particular stimulus; takes negative values & makes them positive

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19
Q

What does Electrooculography (EOG) measure?

A

Activity in the ocular muscle; records where the eyes are moving

20
Q

What does SCL stand for?; What does SCR stand for?

A

The baseline skin conductance level?; The skin conductance response - change in skin conductance in response to a stimulus

21
Q

What does an Electrocardiogram (ECG) measure?

A

Cardiovascular activity

22
Q

What does Stereotaxic surgery involve?; What type of research method is this?; Explain the process

A

The placement of a recording or stimulating device in a target of a region of the brain (typically used on rats); Invasive; Stereotaxic atlas locates the brain target, a hole is drilled then electrode is lowered & anchored to the skull with screws & dental acrylic that hardens around the electrode connector

23
Q

What do Lesion methods involve?; Name the 3 permanent/irreversible types of this invasive procedure

A

Removing or disabling a portion of the brain & observing the resulting behaviour; Aspiration lesion, Radio frequency lesion & Knife cuts

24
Q

What’s the difference between Aspiration Lesion, Radio frequency Lesion & Knife cuts?

A

Aspiration is like a vacuum, it selectively sucks up cell bodies & leaves axons in place; Radio frequency - device is implanted which emits intense radio frequencies in a particular area & destroys tissues around that region; Knife cuts are used to sever axons or nerve tracts, severs connections between nuclei

25
Q

What is a Cryogenic Blockade?

A

A temporary lesion method, where a tiny cooling device is inserted into the brain & when it goes below a certain temperature the neuron will shut down

26
Q

What are some of the negative effects of Lesions?

A

They are seldom administered with 100% accuracy; neighboring tissue may also be lesioned - functions are attributed to target tissue that are actually carried out by neighboring tissue; sometimes a portion & therefore some function remains but the structure may be discounted as playing a role in associated behaviour

27
Q

Name 4 invasive Electrophysiological Recording Methods;

A

Intracellular unit recording, Extracellular unit recording, Multiple-unit recording, Invasive EEG recording;

28
Q

What’s the difference between Intracellular & Extracellular unit recordings?; Temporal & Spatial resolution are…

A

Intracellular microelectrode records membrane potential from one neuron as it fires; Extracellular microelectrode records the electrical disturbance that is created each time an adjacent neuron fires; Very precise

29
Q

What’s the difference between Multiple-unit recording & invasive EEG recording?

A

Mulitple-unit - a small electrode records the action potentials of many nearby neurons, they’re added up & plotted; EEG - a large implanted electrode picks up general changes in electrical brain activity (signal is not related to neural firing)

30
Q

What is the goal of pharmacological methods?; What occurs?

A

To increase or decrease the effects of particular neurotransmitters; A cannula injects drugs to target tissue but they often don’t pass through the blood-brain barrier

31
Q

How are Chemical Lesions administered?; How do they work?

A

Neurotoxic chemicals are injected into specific target tissue; Kainic acid destroys cell bodies close to the administration site but leaves axons unaffected; 6-hydroxydomamine is taken up only by neurons that release norepinephrine or dopamine, leaving other cells unaffected

32
Q

Which technique measures chemical activity in the brain?; What is involved?

A

2-Deoxyglucose Technique (2-DG), similar to glucose but not rapidly metabolised by neurons (stays in the cells); It’s taken up by active neurons, after engaging in target behaviour the animal is sacrificed & its brain sliced, regions with high concentration of 2-DG are identified on photographic film as responsible for the behaviour

33
Q

Apart from 2-DG, what’s another way of locating neurotransmitters in the brain?; What is involved?

A

Immunocytochemistry; Injecting labelled antibodies that bind to enzymes in neurons responsible for producing the target transmitter, animal is sacrificed & brain sliced, clusters of radioactive marker indicate the location of neurotransmitter production

34
Q

How are concordance & discordance rates for various disorders compared in Genetic Methods?

A

If a monozygotic (identical twins) sample has a higher concordance rate than a dizygotic sample it is evidence for heritability

35
Q

What evidence suggests that schizophrenia is a heritable trait?

A

Concordance rates in monozygotic twins is 4 times higher than in dizygotic twins

36
Q

In genetic engineering, what do Gene Knockout techniques involve?; What are the problems with this method?

A

Knocking out a specific gene & observing the behavioural consequence; Behaviour is often the result of actions & interactions of several genes, elimination of 1 gene often influences the expression of other genes & environmental determinants

37
Q

In biopsychology behavioural research methods, what 2 stages are generally involved in neuropsychological testing?

A

A battery of general tests & a follow up of more specific tests guided by the first tests (typically for stroke or head injury patients)

38
Q

What do general tests in neuropsychological testing include?

A

IQ tests with memory & language subtests; a token test of language ability; relationship between different shapes or patterns, etc

39
Q

What does a Sodium Amytal Test identify?; How?

A

Language lateralisation (responsible hemisphere); Anaesthetic is injected into the left or right carotid artery (eg. left will shut down verbal ability)

40
Q

If a memory impairment is detected in the general test battery, which 4 questions about the impairment need to be answered?

A

Is it short-term or long-term memory or both?; are the deficits anterograde or retrograde or both?; semantic or episodic memory or both?; explicit or implicit long-term memory?

41
Q

What difficulties do patients with frontal lobe damage have in the card sorting task?

A

Adapting to the change of rules

42
Q

What are the 3 main categories of studying common animal behaviour?

A

Open field test (aggressive/defensive/sexual behaviour); conditioning paradigms; semi-natural animal learning paradigms (food aversion conditioning, radial arm maze & water maze)

43
Q

How soon can conditioning occur with food aversion conditioning?; What doesn’t apply to this conditioning?

A

After just one trial, even though the consequence (getting sick) is delayed by several hours; Equipotentiality - taste is primary

44
Q

In regards to spatial awareness, how do mice locate food placed in a radial arm maze? If you rotate it?

A

They learn the layout quickly if reinforced with respect to whole global environment; They continue in the same direction relative to the room

45
Q

What gives more weight to evidence about responsibilities of brain structures on given behaviours?

A

Consistent results from several of these tests to provide converging evidence

PSYC2020 (11 decks)

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