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PSYC2020 > Lecture1 > Flashcards

Lecture1 Flashcards

1
Q

Medial:

A

Towards midline

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2
Q

Lateral:

A

Away from midline

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3
Q

Dorsal / Superior:

A

Towards back / Top of head

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4
Q

Ventral / Inferior:

A

Towards chest / Bottom of head

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5
Q

Anterior:

A

Towards nose end

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6
Q

Posterior:

A

Towards tail end

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7
Q

Frontal/Coronal plane:

A

Sliced across left to right

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8
Q

Sagittal plane:

A

Sliced vertically through the middle

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9
Q

Horizontal plane:

A

Sliced horizontally through the middle

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10
Q

Cross Section:

A

Sliced at right angle across tract of nerves

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11
Q

The vertebrate nervous system is composed of what two divisions?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) & Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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12
Q

Where is the CNS located?

A

Within the Brain & Spinal cord

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13
Q

Where is the PNS located?; What does it do?

A

Outside the skull & spine; Transmits information to & from the CNS

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14
Q

What are Nuclei?

A

Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

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15
Q

What are Ganglia?

A

Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

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16
Q

Name the four regions that divide the spine:

A

Cervical; Thoracic; Lumbar & Sacral

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17
Q

The two major divisions of the PNS are:

A

Somatic & Autonomic nervous systems

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18
Q

Which division of the PNS interacts with the external environment? Afferent nerves carry…; Efferent nerves carry…

A

Somatic; Sensory signals from external receptors (skin, etc) to CNS; Motor signals from CNS to skeletal muscles

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19
Q

Which division of the PNS regulates the body’s internal environment? Afferent nerves carry…; Efferent nerves carry…

A

Autonomic; Sensory signals from internal organs to CNS; Motor signals from CNS to internal organs

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20
Q

Which division of the PNS includes voluntary/conscious control of signals?

A

Somatic nervous system

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21
Q

Which efferent nerves project from the CNS in the lumbar & thoracic regions of the spinal cord?; What do they do?

A

Sympathetic nerves; Stimulate & organise energy in threatening situations (fight or flight response)

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22
Q

Which efferent nerves project from the brain & sacral region? What do they do?

A

Parasympathetic nerves; Conserve energy during periods of quiescence

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23
Q

Which system contains the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic nerves?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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24
Q

What are the longest cranial nerves called?; What do they contain?

A

Vagus nerves; Motor & sensory fibres traveling to & from the gut

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25
Q

What are the Dura Mater, Arachnoid Meninx & Pia Mater?

A

Meninges - protective membranes covering the brain & spinal cord

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26
Q

Dura Mater:

A

“Tough mother”; thick, outermost meninge; anchor to the brain

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27
Q

Arachnoid Meninx:

A

Spider-like delicate lattice of tissue; provides a scaffold for blood vessels

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28
Q

Pia Mater:

A

“Pious mother”; thin; delicate; innermost meninx; fixed directly to cortex

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29
Q

What lies beneath the arachnoid meninx & contains blood vessels & cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Subarachnoid space

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30
Q

What fills the subarachnoid space, central canal of spinal cord & cerebral ventricles of brain?; What does it do?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF); Protects & cushions the brain; drains through jugular veins & cerebral aqueduct

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31
Q

What is the Choroid Plexus? What does it do?

A

Networks of capillaries that protrude into ventricles from Pia Mater; Continuously produces & replaces CSF (5 x p/day)

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32
Q

Where does the Cerebral Aqueduct lie?

A

It connects the 3rd & 4th ventricles

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33
Q

What condition occurs if CSF is blocked by a tumour, leading to expansion of ventricle walls & entire brain?

A

Hydrocephalus (water head)

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34
Q

What protects the brain physically?

A

Skull, Menenges (dura mater, arachnoid meninx, pia mater meninx) & CSF

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35
Q

What protects the brain from chemical invasion?; How?

A

The Blood-Brain Barrier; Tightly packed cells along blood vessel walls (in CNS) prevent entry of many large molecules

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36
Q

Quadriplegia is caused by paralysis of which nerves?

A

Cervical nerves (C1-C8)

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37
Q

Which nerves can be affected in paraplegia?

A

Thoracic (T1-T12), Lumbar (L1-L5) & Coccygeal nerve

38
Q

Forebrain:

A

Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) & Diencephalon

39
Q

Midbrain:

A

Mesencephalon

40
Q

Anterior part of hindbrain:

A

Mentencephalon (pons & cerebellum)

41
Q

Hindbrain:

A

Myelencephalon (medulla)

42
Q

31 pairs of spinal nerves are attached to the:

A

Spinal cord

43
Q

What is the inner core of grey matter in the spinal cord composed of?

A

Cell bodies & unmyelinated interneurons

44
Q

What is the white matter surrounding the grey matter mostly composed of?

A

Myelinated axons

45
Q

What sort of neurons are dorsal root axons? Where are their synaptic terminals?

A

Sensory (afferent) unipolar neurons; In dorsal horns of spinal grey matter

46
Q

What sort of neurons are of the ventral root? Where do their cell bodies lie?

A

Motor (efferent) multipolar neurons; in the ventral horns

47
Q

What lies in the middle of the grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

Central canal

48
Q

Myelencephalon (medulla) lies in the: It is composed of…; It includes the…; Which regulates…

A

Brain stem; Neural tracts projecting signals to spinal cord; Reticular formation; Sleep cycles, arousal, attention, movement & reflexes

49
Q

Metencephalon houses part of the…; 2 major divisions include the…

A

Reticular formation; Pons & cerebellum

50
Q

The cerebellum governs…; Damage can result in…

A

Sensory & motor control; Parkinson’s & cognitive deficits

51
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the mesencephalon?

A

Tectum (dorsal surface of midbrain) & Tegmentum (ventral)

52
Q

Where are the pairs of Superior & Inferior Colliculus (little hills) found? What’s the difference between the two?

A

Tectum; Superior Colliculi are in the anterior part & have a visual function; Inferior Colliculi are in the posterior part & have an auditory function

53
Q

What 3 structures does the Tegmentum contain?

A

Periaqueductal Gray, Substantia Nigra & Red Nucleus

54
Q

Which structure in the tegmentum regulates pain & mediates effects of opiates?

A

Periaqueductal Gray

55
Q

Where is the Periaquaductal Gray situated?

A

Around the Cerebral Aqueduct

56
Q

What is the Substantia Nigra responsible for?; If it’s diminished?

A

Production of dopamine; Can lead to Parkinson’s

57
Q

Which 2 structures compose the Diencephalon?; What are their roles?

A

Thalamus: receives, processes & transmits sensory signals; Hypothalamus: controls pituitary gland; regulates behaviours (fight/flight/feed/fuck)

58
Q

The thalamus is composed of 3 major nuclei. They include:

A

Lateral Geniculate, Medial Geniculate & Ventro Posterior Nucleus

59
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus:

A

Primary relay centre for visual information; 1st synapse after optic nerve leaves eye

60
Q

Medial Geniculate Nucleus:

A

Responsible for Auditory relay

61
Q

Ventro Posterior Nucleus:

A

Responsible for Sensorimotor relay

62
Q

Anterior part of frontal lobe governs…; Posterior part is the…

A

Executive control planning; Motor area

63
Q

What does the Central Fissure lie between?

A

Precentral Gyrus (frontal lobe) & Postcentral Gyrus (parietal lobe)

64
Q

What area is the Anterior part of the parietal lobe?

A

Somatosensory area

65
Q

What divides frontal & temporal lobes?

A

Lateral Fissure

66
Q

What lies inferior/ventral to the Lateral Fissure?

A

Superior Temporal Gyrus

67
Q

What part of the temporal lobe is the area of Superior Temporal Gyrus responsible for?

A

Hearing & language

68
Q

Where is visual information processed?; Where is it located?

A

Occipital lobe; Posterior part of brain

69
Q

What 2 main cell types is the Neo-Cortex composed of?

A

Stellate Cells (interneurons) & Pyramidal Cells (large multipolar neurons)

70
Q

How do each of the 6 layers of tissue in the Neo-Cortex differ?

A

In relative concentration of stellate & pyramidal cells & relative size & concentration of cell bodies

71
Q

What is the basis of columnar organisation in the Neo-Cortex?

A

Vertical flow of information via long axons

72
Q

Which layer of the neo-cortex can the visual cortex be found?; Which layer can the motor cortex be found?

A

4th; 5th

73
Q

Parkinson’s disease is associated with the degeneration of the pathway between which 2 areas of the brain?

A

Striatum & Substantia Nigra in the mid-brain

74
Q

The Cerebral Cortex includes the:

A

Neocortex & Hippocampus

75
Q

What are the Major fissures?

A

Central, Lateral & Longitudinal fissures

76
Q

What are the Major gyri?

A

Precentral, Postcentral, Superior Temporal & Cingulate Gyrus

77
Q

The 4 lobes include:

A

Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital lobes

78
Q

What makes up the Limbic System?

A

Amygdala, Hippocampus, Fornix, Cingulate Cortex, Septum & Mammillary bodies

79
Q

Basal Ganglia consists of:

A

Amygdala, Striatum (Caudate, Putamen) & Globus Pallidus

80
Q

Cerebral Commissures include the:

A

Corpus Callosum

81
Q

Cerebral Cortex, Fissures, Gyri, 4 lobes, Limbic system, Basal Ganglia & Cerebral Commissures are all part of the:

A

Telencephalon in the forebrain

82
Q

Thalamus consists of:

A

Massa Intermedia, Lateral geniculate nuclei, Medial geniculate nuclei & Ventral posterior nuclei

83
Q

Hypothalamus consists of:

A

Mammillary bodies

84
Q

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Optic Chiasm & Pituitary gland are all found in the:

A

Diencephalon in the forebrain

85
Q

Reticular formation, Pons & Cerebellum make up the:

A

Metencephalon in the hindbrain

86
Q

As well as the Metencephalon, part of the Reticular formation is found in the:

A

Myelencephalon (medulla) in the hindbrain

87
Q

Tectum includes the:

A

Superior & Inferior Colliculi

88
Q

Tegmentum consists of:

A

Reticular formation, Cerebral aqueduct, Periaqueductal gray, Substantia nigra & Red nucleus

89
Q

Both the tectum & tegmentum are found in the:

A

Mesencephalon in the mid-brain

90
Q

What is processed in the Amygdala?

A

Emotion

91
Q

What does the Hippocampus process?

A

New memories

PSYC2020 (11 decks)

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