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Anatomy Lecture > Lecture3 > Flashcards

Lecture3 Flashcards

1
Q

First known reference to the brain?

A

Egyptian papyrus

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2
Q

Functions of the Diencephalon

A

vegetative functions - breathing, HR, BP, pH of blood, digestive, immune, nervous, body temp, hunger/thirst (involuntary)

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3
Q

Functions of the Telencephalon

A

think, feel, dislike (this), ability to do calculatons (cognitive functions, you do not need a telencephalon to live)

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4
Q

Typical Size of a Neuron

A

10 microns - 120 microns in diameter

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5
Q

Describe the basic historic review of neuroscience research

A

Philosophy (Psychology)–>Anatomy (Histology-Embryology)–>Physiology–>Molecular Biology (where it’s at now)

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6
Q

What is responsible for “head functions?”

A

pons, medulla, midbrain (brain stem)

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7
Q

Two Classes of Nerve Cells

A

neurons and glia

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8
Q

Anatomical Characteristics of Neurons

A

size (10-120 microns), shape (bi-, uni-, multi-), transmitter, intracellular organelles (highly metabolic)

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9
Q

Physiological Characteristics of Neurons

A

polarity/excitability, signal morphing, signal spread (AP), signal communication

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10
Q

Signal Morphing (Transduction)

A

using excitability, neurons can transduce physical stimuli into neural stimuli (touch, pressure, stress, temp, sound), neurons can change stimuli into ELECTRICITY

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11
Q

Signal Spread (Action Potential)

A

spread info over long distances through action potentials, membrane properties allows this communication to occur

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12
Q

Signal Communication (Synaptic Transmission)

A

communication between cells through neurotransmitters or neuromodulators

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13
Q

Four Zones of Basic Neuronal Morphology

A

input zone, integration zone, output zone, synaptic zone

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14
Q

Integration Zone

A

integrating information from other neurons, cell body (soma) is where most intracellular organelles are located, can get communications from 10,000 other neurons

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15
Q

Input Zone

A

dendritic tree, where synapses put in information, more branches = more synapses = more info, not myelinated

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16
Q

Output Zone

A

axon, each neuron only has one axon but may have many branches (collateral branches), <1 micron in diameter, may be myelinated

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17
Q

Synaptic Zone

A

synaptic bouton, will have connections with other neurons

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18
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

large number of dendrites, large input zone, can be myelinated or not

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19
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

two poles, one will act as a dendrite and one as axon, not myelinated, these are more rare

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20
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A

rounded cell body without dendrites, single bifurcated axon, central (axon) and peripheral (dendrite) branch, found in sensory ganglia, can be myelinated

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21
Q

Betz Cells

A

some of the largest in the brain (multipolar), give us control over the main functions in our body

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22
Q

Anatomical Characteristics of Glia

A

astrocytes, oligodentrocytes, microglia, schwann

23
Q

Astrocytes

A

type of glia found in CNS, may be protoplasmic (gray matter) or fibrous (white matter)

24
Q

Responsible for Formation of the Blood Brain Barrier

A

astrocytes (protoplasmic and fibrous)

25
Q

Oligodentrocytes

A

myelin making cells in the CNS

26
Q

Microglia

A

scavenger cells of the CNS, clean up dead cells

27
Q

Schwann Cells

A

in the PNS, make myelin and clean up, basal lamina forms conduit which allows for regeneration

28
Q

Which cells make myelin?

A

oligodentrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS), they make myelin based on diameter of axon

29
Q

Physiologocial Characteristics of Glia

A

structure/protection (primary), ion homeostasis, myelin formation, debris clearance

30
Q

Why can PNS potentially regenerate but not CNS?

A

Schwann cells, PNS can regenerate through basal lamina (oligodentrocytes do not make a basal lamina)

31
Q

Basic CNS Functions

A

collect and analyze information (transduction), react to information, store information as memory (protein), recall memories as appropriate, modify behaviors

32
Q

Two Types of Axoplasmic Transport

A

anterograde (away from cell body) and retrograde (towards cell body) transport

33
Q

Slow Anterograde Transport

A

“bulk flow,” 1 mm/day (same speed as regeneration in PNS), maintenance (no ATP)

34
Q

Fast Anterograde Transport

A

specific membrane-bound organelles, 400 mm/day, synaptic/trophic functions (ATP needed)

35
Q

Retrograde Transport

A

specific molecules, 200 mm/day, metabolic turnover, trophic interactions (ATP needed)

36
Q

Axonal Transport Mechanism

A

kinesin with vesicles rolls down microtubules witin axon

37
Q

1780 Luigi Galvani

A

animal electricity

38
Q

1849 Emil Dubois-Reymond

A

nerve conduction

39
Q

1925 Edgar Adrian

A

all-or-nothing principle

40
Q

1938 Kenneth Cole and Howard Curtis

A

ionic fluxes

41
Q

1945 Alan Hodgkins, Andrew Huxley, & Bernard Katz

A

NA+/K+ pumps-sliding filament theory

42
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

-70mV is average, in reality it is constantly fluctuating, based on concentration gradient of all ions

43
Q

Threshold

A

occurs when potential raises to -50mV, conformational change in NA+/K+ pump, opens and NA+ rushes in

44
Q

Spike Peak

A

NA+ stops coming in (approx. +30-35mV), K+ starts leaving, begins repolarization process

45
Q

Repolarization

A

K+ leaving cells

46
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

overshoot in repolarization to about -90mV

47
Q

Depolarizaton

A

positive after potential, back to -70mV

48
Q

Action Potential Components

A

resting potential, threshold, spike peak, repolarization, hyperpolarizing (negative after potential), depolarizing (positive after potential)

49
Q

Refractory Period

A

cannot have another AP, limit to spread of excitation due to this (can only have so many per unit time)

50
Q

Approximately how long is one action potential?

A

4 msec

51
Q

Membrane Cable Properties

A

AP gets weaker as it travels down the length of the axon as potential leaks out (myelin can allow for better conduction velocity)

52
Q

Lambda

A

distance between where 100% current and enough leakage occurs for current to die out (37%)

53
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

counter current of flow down the axon, some ions are flowing in at one node and out at another, can only occur in myelinated axons

Anatomy Lecture (8 decks)

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