lecture16: volumes part 2 Flashcards
how is measurement of pulmunary dimensionsn and lung functions usually done
done with a water-filled spirometer or electronic
spirometer
what does proper evaluation of measured values of pulm dimensions and lung functions require
comparison to the expected value
pulmonary function scores associated closely with what
stature and age
since Pulmonary function scores associate closely with stature and age, this enables the two values to predict what
the expected
average lung function value for an individual
what are the 4 static pulmonary volumes
1) tidal vol
2) inspiratory resevre volume
3) expiratory reserve volume
4) residual volume
what is tidal volume
volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath
is the tidal vol high or low and why
low (only about 0.5L exhaled every cycle) beacuse we dont need a lot of oxygen at rest
which static pulmonary volume is associated with volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath
tidal volume
what is inspiratory reserve volume
extra volume of air that can be forcefully inspired over and above VT.
wha=ich static pulmomary volume is assocaited with extra volume of air
that can be forcefully inspired over and above VT.
inspiratory reserve volume
what is expiratory reseve volume
maximum extra volume of air that can be forcefully expired over and
above VT
which static pulmonary volume is associated with maximum extra
volume of air that can be forcefully expired over and
above VT
expiratory reserve volume
what is residual volume
volume of air remaining in lungs
after forceful expiration.
which static pulmonary volume is associated with volume of air remaining in lungs
after forceful expiration.
residual volume
be able to recorgnize/understand the static pulm volume graphs
.
is RV higher in males or females
males because larger lungs
what is the relationship between RV and age
RV increases with age
BLANK allows an uninterupted exchange of gas between the blood and alveoli
residual long volume
residual volume Allows an uninterrupted exchange of gas between the
blood and alveoli to prevent what
fluctuations in blood gases
during phases of the breathing cycle
how can residual volume increase temporarily
Residual lung volume temporarily increases from an acute
bout of either short-term or prolonged exercise
what is the reason that RV temporarily increases from an acute
bout of either short-term or prolonged exercise
closure of the small peripheral airways
increase in thoracic blood volume
what are the 4 pulmonary capacities
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
functional residual capacity (FRC)
forced vital capacity (FVC)
total lung capacity (TLC)
whta is inspiratory capacity
Inspiratory capacity (IC): maximum amount of air that can be inspired from end of normal expiration (= VT +IRV)
what is the formular for inspiratory capacity
IC = VT + IRV
what is functional residual capacity (FRC)
amount of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration (= ERV + RV).
what is the formula for fucntional residual capacity
(= ERV + RV).
which pulm capacity is associated with amount of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration (= ERV + RV).
functional residual caapctiy
which pulmonary capacity is assocaited iwth maximum amount of air that can be inspired from end of normal expiration (= VT +IRV)
inspiratory capacity
what is forced vital capacity
maximum amount of air that can be forcefully inspired and expired (= IRV + VT+
ERV).
what is the formula for vital capacity
= IRV + VT+ ERV).
which pulmonary capacity is associated with maximum amount of air
that can be forcefully inspired and expired (= IRV + VT+
ERV).
forced vital capacity
what is total lung capacity
maximum amount of air comprised in the lungs (= IRV + VT + ERV + RV).
what is the formula for total lung capacity
(= IRV + VT + ERV + RV).
what pulmonary capacity is associated with maximum amount of air comprised in the lungs (= IRV + VT + ERV + RV).
total lung capcity
what are pulmonary capacities
combination of volumes
knnow/understand the graphs of pulmonary capacites
.
true or false: the volume subdivisions do not overlap
true
when you add all the 4 volume subdivisions, what do you get
total lung capacity
lung capacities are subdivisions of what
total volume that include two or more of the 4 basic lung volumes
what are the two things that dynamic ventilation depends on
- Maximum “stroke volume” of the lungs (FVC)
2. Speed of moving a volume of air (breathing rate)
what is speed of moving a vol of air (breathing rate) determined by
Determined by lung compliance, or the resistance of the
respiratory passages to air and the “stiffness” imposed by
the chest and lung
forced expirattory volume is measured over how long
1 second
what indicates pulmonary airflow capacity
FEV/FVC
what is pulmonary airflow capaity
how powerfully we can exhale air (helps diagnose breathing issues)
what does pulmonary airflow capacity refelct
Reflects pulmonary expiratory power and overall resistance to air movement upstream in the lungs
what is the normal forced expiratory volume in healthy indicauls
85%
the delineation point for airway obstruction is BLANK
equal to
70% or less
what is the problem fir exhalation with bronchial asthma
harder because you are going from an increased surface area to a lower one (because of obstructed bronchioles
=more resistance, harder to expire volume
if you have bronchial assthma fo you exhale fast or slow
slow
if you have pulmonary fibrosis, do you exhale fast or slow
fast
what is the problem with restircive pulmonary fibrosis
it can lead to inhalation problems because you are not good at expanding lungs (small lung volume) so you exhale fast
what are you testing in maximum voluntary ventilation
testing respiratory muscles = endurance test
what does max voluntary ventilation evaluate
ventilatory capacity w rapid and deep breathing for 15 seconds (extrapolated to the volume if the subject continuted for 1 min)
does exercise maximally stress how a healthy person breath?
no
exercise training of ventilatory muscles improves what
their strength and endurance
what does exercise training of ventilatory muscles increase
increases inspiratory muscle function and maximum voluntary ventilation
compared to men, women have a larger or smaller lung volume
smaller
compared t men, women have a larger or smaller diffusion surface
smaller
true or false: compared to men, women have a reduced static lung function measure only
false, also dynamic
what does the fact that women have reduced lung size and airway diameter, a smaller diffusion surface and static and dynamic lung function measures lead to
expiratory flow limitations, greater respiratory muscle work and use of ventilatory reserve during maximal exercise, particularly in highly trained women
A smaller lung volume plus a high expiratory flow rate in trained women during intense
exercise places considerable demand on what
the maximum flow–volume envelope of the
airways, adversely
=affecting how they maintain alveolar-to-arterial oxygen exchange
true or false: Regular endurance exercise stimulates large
increases in the functional capacity of the pulmonary
system
false it does not
dynamic lung function tests indicate the severity of what
obstructive and restrictive lung diseases
Dynamic lung function tests indicate the severity of obstructive and restrictive lung diseases, but provide little information about what
aerobic fitness or exercise performance when values fall within the normal range
respiraotry system IS/IS NOT a limiting factor for aerobic exercise
IS NOT
what is minute ventilation
the vol of air breathed each minute
what is the formula for minute ventilation
Minute ventilation (V·E) = Breathing rate (12 bpm) X tidal volume (0.5 L)
how can minute ventilation be increased
Can be increased by an increase in the rate or depth or both
Breathing rate can increase to BLANK during strenuous
exercise in healthy young adults and BLANK in some
elite endurance athletes
35-45 breaths/min
60/70 breaths/min
tidal vols for trained and untrained individuals rarely exceed what
60% of vital capacity
In moderate exercise, well-trained athletes maintain
alveolar ventilation how ?
by increasing tidal volume with only a small increase in breathing rate
As breathing becomes deeper during exercise, alveolar ventilation
increases from what to what
70% at rest to more than 85% of the exercise ventilation
each person develops their own style of breathing where what 2 things blend to provide effective alveolar ventilation
breathing rate and tidal volume
is modyfing breathing during PA a good idea>
no, Attempts to modify breathing during running or other
general physical activities offer no benefit to exercise
performance
know slide 25
.
what is ventilation-perfusion ration
The ratio of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary blood flow
at rest how much air ventilates the alvelop each minute and blood through the capillary ~
4.2 L of air ventilates the alveoli each minute at rest
and ~5.0 L of blood flows through the pulmonary
capillaries
what does the average ventilation perfusion ration ewual
0.84 Matchese each litaeral of pulm blood flow
in light exercise, does the VP ration change much
no not really
in intese exercise, does VP ratio change
yes goes to about 5 L
what is anatomical dead space
Volume of air that fills all anatomical structures of the
respiratory system that are not directly involved in gas
exchange
does all tthe inspired tidal volume at rest enter and mix into existing alveolar air
no only about 350/500 ml
what is alveolar ventilation
Alveolar ventilation is the portion of inspired air reaching the alveoli and participating in gas
what does alveolar ventilation determine
the gaseous concentration at the alveoalr capillary membrane
is anatomical dead space a waste>
no it mixes gas and blood gas to combat extreme pressure differences
what is the physiological dead space
The portion of the alveolar volume with a ventilation– perfusion ratio that approaches zero
why do we get a physiological dead space in the alveoli
because Sometimes the alveoli may not function adequately in gas
exchange
why is it that Sometimes the alveoli may not function adequately in gas
exchange
because of:
• Underperfusion of blood
• Inadequate ventilation relative to the alveolar surface
in certain pathological sitauations physioolic dead spaces increase to what percentage of tidal volume
50%
is there every a point where adequate gas exchange becomes impossible?
ues Adequate gas exchange becomes impossible when
the dead space of the lung exceeds 60% of total lung
volume
what is hyperventilation
An increase in pulmonary ventilation that
exceeds the O2 consumption and CO2 elimination needs of
metabolism
what is dyspnea
An inordinate shortness of breath or subjective
distress in breathing
what is valsava maneuver
Closing the glottis following a full
inspiration while maximally activating the expiratory
muscles, creating compressive forces that increase
intrathoracic pressure above atmospheric pressure
what does the valsava maneuver create
creating compressive forces that increase
intrathoracic pressure above atmospheric pressure
when does valsava maneuver commonly occur
commonly in activities that require a rapid, maximum
application of force of short duration
what is the consequence of performing a prolongued valsava maneuver (during static and straining typw execrise)
dramatically reduces venous return and arterial blood pressure
what does reduced venous return in valsava maneuver diminish?
This diminishes the brain’s blood supply, often producing dizziness
or fainting
what happens once the glottis opens and intrathoracic pressure normalizes after valsava
blood flow reestablishes with an “overshoot” in arterial blood
pressure
does valsava cause relatively large increases in BP during heavy resistance exercise
no
what do heavy resistance execiseres do
these exercises greatly increase resistance to blood flow in active muscle with a resulting rise in blood pressure
why is it that cold ambient air normally not damge the respiratory passages
because of airway warming
the airway warming of the respiratory tract during cold greatly increases the capaicty to do what
increases its capacity to hold moisture, which produces
considerable water loss from the respiratory passages
in cold weather, the respiratory tract loses what
loses considerable water and
heat, especially during strenuous exercise
what does fluid loss from the airways contribute to
contributes to dehydration, dry
mouth, burning sensation in the throat, and generalized
irritation of the respiratory passages
