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EXCI 259: PHYSIOLOGY > lecture 6: guyton chapter 15 > Flashcards

lecture 6: guyton chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of compliace (in terms of formula)

A

a change in volume has an an influecne of change in pressure

ability to expand and recold

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2
Q

true or false: in arteries and veins, the same increase in pressure will cause a small increase in volume

A

false, because veins are more compliant and dsitensible, the same pressure increase will have a different change in volume

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3
Q

which is more compliant arteries or veins

A

veins

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4
Q

what is the defintion of vascular distensibility

A

is the fractional increase in volume for each mmHg rise in pressure

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5
Q

how much more distensible are veins than arteries

A

8x

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6
Q

what is the eq. For vascular distensibility

A

=increase in volume/increase in presssure x origion volume

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7
Q

what makes arteries less compliant than veins

A

they are harder and thicker because of a larger layer of smooth muscles

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8
Q

what makes veins more compliant than arte4ries

A

they are thinner and lesss ridgid (less smooth muscle cells) so they can expand easier

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9
Q

veins are more more distenible and tehrefore have a lower o r higher compliace

A

higher

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10
Q

what is the defintion of vascular capacitance.

A

is the total quantity of blood that can be stored in a given portion of the circulation for each mmHg.

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11
Q

which vessel has a larger capacitance veins or artetries and why

A

since veins have a higher distensiblity and therefore more compliant they can store a lot more blood in the venouss side

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12
Q

how much percentage of blood is held on venous side

A

60-70 percet

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13
Q

what is the formula of capacitance

A

diste=nsbilityx volume

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14
Q

small and large veins are called what type of vessels

A

capacitance vessels

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15
Q

changes in vasculature are induced by what

A

compliance

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16
Q

explain the arterial system in terms of hydraulic filter

A

Composed of elastic conduits (aorta and arteries) and high-resistance terminals (arterioles)

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17
Q

what is the function of the hydraulic filtering in the arterial system

A

converts intermitent output of the heart to a study flow in capilalries

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18
Q

what happens to Part of the energy of cardiac contraction

A

is dissipated as forward capillary flow during systole (kinetic energy)

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19
Q

what is the remainder of the energy of the cardiac contraction stored as (that is not kinetic )

A

potential

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20
Q

why is the remaindero of energy of cardiac conrtaction stored as potential energy

A

because of compliance

=much of the stroke volume is retained by stretching the distensible arteries

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21
Q

During diastole the elastic recoil of the arterial walls converts this potential energy iwhat

A

into capillary blood flow

=continuous

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22
Q

what is the perk of the hydraulic filtering

A

This minimizes the workload of the heart, i.e., more work is required to pump a given flow intermittently as compared to steadily

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23
Q

what effect allows the conversion of intermittent blood flow to continous

A

windkessel effect or elastic reseroive

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24
Q

true or false: The pressure curves change in arteries at different distances from the heart

A

true

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25
Q

what are the 3 major changes in the pressure curve

A

The high-frequency components of the pulse, such as the incisura, are damped out and soon disappear

The systolic portions of the pressure wave become narrowed and elevated

A hump may appear on the diastolic portion of the pressure wave

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26
Q

what happens to the high frequency cpmponents (such as insura) when increasing distance from the heart

A

gets dampened out and soon disapear

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27
Q

ass we get further from the hear what happens to the systolic protions of the pressure wave

A

because narrowed and elevated

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28
Q

what may appear on the diastolic portion of the pressiure wave

A

a hump

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29
Q

what happens to the intensity of pulsations are we get to the small arteries

A

become progressively less iintense

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30
Q

if no compliance what would happe to elongated tail

A

it would disapear and heart would have to work harder

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31
Q

the degree of dampening is proportional to what

A

proportional to the resistance of small vessels and arterioles and the compliance of the larger vessels.

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32
Q

there is more dampening in smaller or larger vessels

A

smaller

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33
Q

why is the dampening importance

A

beacuse it allows to go from pulsaitle to continous

34
Q

what would happen if the vessels were rigid

A

ALL the blood the heart pumped would be immediately converted to flow

During diastole, there would be no flow (including no flow to capillaries)

35
Q

pumping blood through rigid vessels creates what

A

more work for heart

36
Q

elastic arteries ensure what

A

constant flow through capillaries and

reduce work of heart through the pumping

37
Q

true or false: age has no effect on arterial compliance

A

false it has a large effect

38
Q

why does BP increase as age increases

A

due to more stiffness in vessels which means the heart neeeds to work harder to combat rmore resistance

39
Q

why is it bad if the arteries are regid

A

they do not expand and recold

40
Q

as we get older our artries get STIFFER/LOOSER and therefore more/less compliant

A

stiffer

Less

41
Q

what is the main reason the arteries get stiffer with age

A

loss of elastic tissue

ellastin is all made by age 10 so after that it starts to degrade

42
Q

what are 2 factors affecting pulse pressure

A

stroke volume

arterial compliance

43
Q

explain the realtionship between stroke volyme and pulse pressire

A 
increases in 
stroke volume increase pulse 
pressure, conversely decreases 
in stroke volume decrease 
pulse pressure.
44
Q

explain the relatinship between arterial compliance and pulse pressure

A

decreases in compliance increases pulse pressure; increases in compliance decrease pulse pressure.

45
Q

increased aortic pulse pressure is affected by what 2 main things

A

decreased aortic compliance

increased stroke volume

46
Q

what are reason for decrased aortic compliacne

A

age
arteriosclerosis
hypertension

47
Q

what are the 4 factors that increase strokr volume

A

increase preload
decreased afterload
increased inotropy/contractility
decreased HR

48
Q

what are 3 abnormal pressure pulse contonors

A

arteriosclerosis
patent ductus arteriosus
aortic regurgitance

49
Q

explain aterioscleorsis

A

decreases compliance of arterial tree, thus leading to increase in pulse
=build up of plaque in vessel and narrows wjhich impedes flow and icnreases BP

50
Q

explan patent ductus arteriosus

A

associated with low diastolic pressure and high systolic pressure, net result is very high pulse pressure.

=small hole means that mixing aortic and pulmonary blood

51
Q

explain aortic regurtitation

A

condition associated with backward flow of blood through the aortic valve. Low diastolic and high systolic pressure leads to high pulse pressure.

=valve does not close completely, leaking blood into thw heart

52
Q

know the graph of pulse contoors

A

jng

53
Q

what causes resistances to flow in large peropheral veins

A

compressional factors

54
Q

what do inrcaeses in right atrial pressure cause

A

causes blood to back up into the venous system, thereby increasing venous pressures.

55
Q

where is the highest venous pressure

A

in the legs and feet

56
Q

what tends to increase venous presssures in the legs

A

abdominal pressure

57
Q

what is central venous pressure

A

pressure in larger veins close to the heart

58
Q

what deterines the filling pressure of right ventricle

A

CVP

59
Q

explain how CVP determines filling pressure of the right ventricle

A

an increased CVP icnrease blood flow which assists in folling and increase disastolic volume

60
Q

what are the 2 things that regulate CVP

A

A balance of the heart to pump blood out of the right atrium and right ventricle into the lungs

The tendency for blood to flow from the peripheral veins to the right atrium (venous return)

61
Q

what are the 6 factors that increase CVP

A

Decreased Cardiac Output

Increase in Total Blood Volume

Venous Constriction

Gravity
Standing to supine position

Respiratory Activity
Increased depth and rate of respiration

Skeletal Muscle Pump
Exercise

62
Q

explain how increase in total blood volume icnreases CVP

A

more blood in system=more blood to the venous side which means the heart needs more pressure to move it

63
Q

explain how bvenous constriction increases CVP

A

the venous constricts which affects pressure

64
Q

explain how gravity increases CVP

A

standing=more pressure
supine=lower pressure

with less pressure the venous return is not working agaisnt gravity which means it will increase venous return, increase stroke volume and decrease cardiac output

65
Q

explain how respitory activtiy increases CVP

A

when icnrease reathing rate and depth you increase the sucttion of blood back to the heart since itt is situtated above the diaphram

66
Q

explain how skeletal muscle pump/exercise increases CVP

A

when the skeletal muscles are working the contact on and off (pumping) which milks the veins
helps blood move back towards the heart

67
Q

gravitational pressure effects pressure how

A

Pressure rises 1 mmHg for each 13.6 mm distance below the surface of a body of water

68
Q

give an example to show the pressure difference due to gravity

A

feett: 90 mmHG
sagintal sinus
= -10 mmHG

69
Q

what can you get if you decrease pressures further from heart

A

you can increase venous return

70
Q

what are the 3 types of respiration that effect CVP

A

spontaneous respiration (nomral)

mechanical ventiliation

valsava manouvre

71
Q

explain the effect of sponteanous respiration

A

Decreased intra-thoracic pressure results in a decreased right atrial pressure which enhances venous return

=lowering diaphram creates a negative pressure in the thoracic cavity which facilitatets the filling of lungs and larger veins with blood from lower body

72
Q

explain the effect of mecahnical respitation

A

Increased intra-thoracic pressure during positive-pressure lung inflation causes increased right atrial pressure which decreases venous return

=breathing towards postiive pressure which means right atrial pressure icnreases since it wil have a hard time pushing blood down into ventricles

high pressure in the in the lungs cause alveoli will be inflatted and push on capilaries and create high resistance
=blood will be retained in the right ventricle, right artrium wontt push blood down
=must icrease venous pressure to overcome the resistance

73
Q

explain the affect of valsave method on respiration

A

Causes a large increase in intra-thoracic pressure which impedes venous return to the right atrium  lower CO

=exhaling against closed flottis, icnrase pressure in the thoracic cavity so blood cannot travep easilty
=no blood passing so heart will not contract and no cardiac output = no BP

74
Q

contracted skeletal muscle does what for the veins

A

increases venous pump

to push blood towards heart

75
Q

what is the function of valves

A

prevent backfloq

76
Q

explain what contraction of msucles do

A

cotnract of muscles pushes blood up which will push open the valves

77
Q

if there is an icnrease in right atrial pressure what is the efect on flow

A

flow will be decreased which means CVP must icnrase to compensate

78
Q

60-70% of blood is stored where

A

in veins

79
Q

under various physiological conditions what can happen to the blood

A

it can be trtansferred to the arterial system to maintain arterial pressure
=vasoconstriction

80
Q

what are some examples of resservoirs

A

spleen, liver, large abdoiinal veins and venous plexus

81
Q

what serves as a good special resorvior for red blood cells

A

speel

82
Q

what are some examples of non venous blood resevroirs

A

heart

lungs

EXCI 259: PHYSIOLOGY (21 decks)

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