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EXCI 259: PHYSIOLOGY > lecture 7: chapter 16 > Flashcards

lecture 7: chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the term microcirulation refer to

A

functions of the capillaries and the neighboring lymphatic vessels

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2
Q

what percetange of blood is present in the capilarries at ayn given time

A

5%

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3
Q

TRUE or false; sicne there is only 5% of blood in criualtion in capilaries it is not imporant

A

false, it is imporatntfor all gaseous exhanges

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4
Q

what is good about having 3-10 billion capitlies

A

there is a larger surface area which allows them to perform the function of solute and fluid exchange
=alot of plcaces to move places around

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5
Q

what are the 4 functions of the microcirculation

A

Ensures constant plasma and interstitial fluid communication

Accelerates distribution of nutrients, hormones, and dissolves gases through tissues

Transports insoluble lipids and tissue proteins that cannot cross capillary walls

Flushes bacterial toxins and chemicals to immune system tissues

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6
Q

what is the capillary bed/plexus

A

it connects 1 arteriole to 1 venule

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7
Q

are vascular anastomoeses more common in veins or arteries

A

veins

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8
Q

what do arterial anatomsoes provide

A

altherate pathways (collateral channels) for blood to reach a body region

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9
Q

explain how arterial anastomoses provide altherane channels

A

If one branch is blocked, the collateral channel can supply the area with adequate blood supply

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10
Q

what is an example of arteriovenous anastomoese

A

thouroughfare channels

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11
Q

where are vascular anastomese common

A

joints, in skin, abdominal organs, brain, heart

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12
Q

what is the trajectory of blood in microcirculation

A

arteriole
meta arteriole
capillaries
venules

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13
Q

what is the composition of arterioles

A

one mono layer or endothelial cells and 1 layer of smoothe muscle

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14
Q

what is the compostion of meta arteriole

A

one mono layer of endothelial cells with occasional smooth muscle

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15
Q

what is the composition of capillaries

A

1 layer of endothelial with no smooth muscle cells at all

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16
Q

what is the composition of venules

A

1 mono layer of endo thelial and some smooth muscle

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17
Q

where is the pre capillary sphincter

A

present at the junction where the capilarie arises from the meta arteriole

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18
Q

what to sphincters respond to

A

local metabolytes

nerological signals

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19
Q

what is the function of the sphincters

A

regulate flow direction into true capillaires or throu0gh channels

guard the entrance to each capillary

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20
Q

what allows blood flow to be changed by sphincters

A

vasomotion-contraction and relation cycle of capillaruy sphinctets

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21
Q

what causes blood flow in capillary beds to constantly change routes

A

spinhcters

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22
Q

wht is blood flow regulated by and what does that mean

A

regulated by vasomotor nevres and local chemical condition, so it can either bypass or blood the cpillaries

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23
Q

true or false: blood always floods and flows through the enter capillary bed

A

no , it can be rediceted dependant on tissue needs

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24
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries

A

continous
fenestrated
sinosoidal

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25
Q

where are continous capilaries usually found

A

in skin and muscles

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26
Q

true or false: continous capillaries are not efficent at moving substances in and out beacuse the endothelial cells are so close together

A

true

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27
Q

what is characteristic of endothelial cells in contious capilaries

A

the endothelial cells are so close so they provide an uninterupted lining

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28
Q

what are adjeacent cells held together with

A

tight junctions

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29
Q

what allows the passage of fluids in continous capillaries

A

interceullular clefts

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30
Q

where is an example of continous capillaries of the brain and why its used there

A

in the brain
there are tight junctions completely around the endothelium

constitute tje blood-brain barrier to make a protective agaisnt toxins

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31
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries found

A

where thers is active capilaru absoptions or filtrate formation occurs

(ex: small intestine, endocrine glands, kidneys

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32
Q

explain the endothelium in fenestrate capilarries

A

riddled with pores (fenestrations)

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33
Q

which type of capillarires have the greatest permeabilty to solutes anf fluids

A

fenestrate capiaires

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34
Q

true or false: since fenestrated capillaries have pores they dont have intercellular clefts

A

false, they do have

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35
Q

what are sinusoid (discontinous) capilaries

A

highly modified, leaky, fenestrated capillaries with large lumens

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36
Q

where are sinusoid (discontinous) capilaries

A

found in the liver, bone marrow, lympohid tissue and some endocrine organs

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37
Q

which capillaries have the biggests pores

A

discontinpous

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38
Q

what is the function of discontious capilaries

A

allow large molecules (proteins and blood cells) to pass between the blood and surronding tissues

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39
Q

true or false: has blood passes from conitnous to discontious is becomes more slugglish/less laminar

A

true

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40
Q

what are capillarys composed of

A

unicellular layer of endothelial cells surrounded by basement membrane

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41
Q

how does solute and water move accross capillar wall

A

intercellular cleft (space between cells) or by plasmalemma vesicles.

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42
Q

what is the dimater of capillaries

A

4-9 microns

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43
Q

what is the main passage of substances through capilary to tissue

A

through clefts

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44
Q

what are the smallest blood vessels

A

capillaries (allow only 1 single RBC to pass at a time)

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45
Q

what is the width of capillary intercullular slit pores

A

6-7 nanometers

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46
Q

what does the The permeability of the capillary pores for different substances varies according to

A

their molecular diameters.

47
Q

true or false and why: The capillaries in different tissues have no differeces in their permeabilities

A

The capillaries in different tissues have extreme differences in their permeabilities

because of fenestrations

48
Q

give an example of how different tissues have different permabiality

A

liver takes large molecules so their capilaries will habe a higher fenestration

49
Q

how does water, ions, small molecules (gluocse) get diffuse

A

diffuse between adjacent endothelial cells

or through fenestrated capillaries

50
Q

how do some ions like NA+, K+ ca2+ and Cl- diffuse through

A

though channels in cell membranes

51
Q

how do large, water solluble compounds pass through/diffuse

A

pass thru fenestrated capillaroes (and occsionally though endothelial cells)

52
Q

how do lipids and lipid solluble materials (o2 and co2) diffuse through

A

through endothelial cell membranes

53
Q

how to plasma proteins diffuse through

A

cross endothelial lining in sinusoids (really large pores)

54
Q

the larger the side the harder/easier to permeate

A

harder to [ermeate

55
Q

true or false: since hemoglogin and albumin have the same molecular weight, they have the same permeability

A

false, albumin has a harder time permeating

56
Q

why is albumin harder to permeat than hemoglobin

A

gibbs donnan effect

albumin have a greater osmotic force

57
Q

explain why albumin has a greater osmotic force

A

albumin has a negative charge (attracts sodium inions)

albumin binds a small number of chloride ions (attracts more sodium ions)

58
Q

explain why albmin has a hard time permeating

A

because of its greater osmotic force is pulls liquid towards it

59
Q

Most important means by which substances are transferred between plasma and interstitial fluid is by wht

A

diffusion

60
Q

since salt has a high osmptic force what does that do for diffusion

A

it attracts fluid in the capillary (pulls water out)

61
Q

what is the space between cells called

A

interstitium

62
Q

what is the fluid in the interstitium called

A

intersticial fluid

63
Q

what is the consistency of interstiaual fluid

A

gel

64
Q

what are the two major types of solid structures in the interstitium called

A

collagen fibers and proteoglycan filaments (coiled molecules composed of hyaloronic acid)

65
Q

true or false: there is very little free fluid under normal conditions in interstitium

A

true

66
Q

the collagen bundle fibers in the interstitium provide what

A

structure

67
Q

explain the capillaru exhange at the arterial end of the capillary

A

fluid moves OUT of the capillaru

into the itnersticial fluid

68
Q

explain capillary exchange at the venous end of cpailliar

A

fluid moves INTO capilary

OUT OF THE INTERSTICUAL FLUID

69
Q

what are the 2 hydrostatic forces

A

capillary hydrostatic pressre

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

70
Q

where is capillary hydrostatic pressure higher and why

A

higher at the arteriolar end than venule

*because of ressitance)

71
Q

where does capillary hydroststic pressure force fluid

A

forces fluid outward through capillary membrane

pushese fluid from cap to interstitium

72
Q

Normally interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure is negative or postive

A

negative

73
Q

what is the negative pressure in the interstitual fluid hydrostrate pressure caused by

A

pumping action of lymphatics

the fluid is being constantly drained and leaking out of intstitum which helps push more fluid in

74
Q

where does interstial fluid hydrostatic pressure force fluid

A

usually pushes fluid from cap to interstitcium (excep for when pressure is postive)

75
Q

when interstitial fluid pressure is postivie what happens

A

it opposes filtration

76
Q

capillary hydrostatic pressure is good for absoptin or filtration

A

filtration

77
Q

interstial fluid hydrostatic pressure is good for filtration or absoprtion

A

reabsoption (when pos)

78
Q

what are the osmotic forces

A

plasma colloid osmotic pressure

interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

79
Q

what is another name for plasma colloid osmotic pressure

A

plasma oncotic pressure

80
Q

what is the major determinants of oncotic oressure

A

plasma prteins

81
Q

what is the most abundant plasma protein and what dos it generate

A

albumin, tgenerates 70% of oncotic oressure

82
Q

plasma colloid osmotic pressure/plasma oncotic pressure tends to cause what

A

INAWARD (INTO CAPILLARY) MOVEMENT OF FLUID

83
Q

WHAT IS another name for interstitial fluid osmotic poressure

A

interstitial fluid oncotic pressure

84
Q

what is interstitual fluid osmotic pressure caused by

A

small amount of plasma proteins that leak into the interstial space

85
Q

interstiaial fluid osmotic pressure tends to cause inward or outward movement of fluid

A

outward movement

86
Q

plasma colloid osmotic pressure opposes what and what does that cause

A

opposes filtration, causing osmosis of water inward through the membrane

87
Q

interstittial fluid colloid pressure promotes what and why

A

promotes filtration by causing osmosis of fluid outward thourgh membrane

88
Q

what is filtration

A

The sum of the hydrostatic and osmotic forces favors the net movement of water from the capillary to the interstitial space

89
Q

what is reabsorption

A

The sum of the hydrostatic and osmotic forces favors the net movement of water from the interstitial space to the capillary

90
Q

what is the filtration rate

A

the net filtration pressire (NFP) multiplied by coefficent filtration

91
Q

what is the NNFP formatila

A

NFP= PC - Pic - Pip + Piif

92
Q

what is the filtration ocefficent

A

Kf

product of surfeace area times the hydraulic conductiveity of memberan

93
Q

know the determinatnts of net fluid movement across capillaries

A

diagram of capt=illary and 4 pressures

94
Q

what is the starling equilibrium

A

The Starling equation describes the net flow of fluid across a semipermeable membrane. It describes the balance between capillary pressure, interstitial pressure, and osmotic pressure.

95
Q

what is the normal capillary hydrostatic oressure

A

approx 17 mmHg

96
Q

what is the normal interstitial fluid pressure in most tissues

A

-3

97
Q

what type of organs have positive interstitial pressueres

A

encapsultated organs

98
Q

what is the negative interstitial fluid pressire caused by

A

pumping of lymphatic system

99
Q

what os colloid osmotic pressure caused by

A

large proteins

100
Q

what incrases the colloid osmotic effect of proteins

A

presence of negative ions on proteins (gibbs donnan)

101
Q

whatis the reflection coeffiecent of capillaries

A

it quantitates the amount of protein that is reflected away from capillary nmemberna

102
Q

what does a reflection coeeficent of 1 mean

A

all proteins are reflectted and none pass throg=ugh pores

103
Q

what does a reflection coeefficent of 0 mean

A

it is permable to all proteins

104
Q

true or false: physiologically you can neevr have a coeefiction of 1 or 0

A

true

105
Q

go over the 3 slides about forces causing filtration, reabsorption ect

A

f

106
Q

what is the net filtration pressure and what does that cause

A

0.3 mmHG which causes a net filtration rate pf 2 ml/min for entire body
(this means we are constantly moving more fluid from capilliary to interstirum than oppsoite)

107
Q

even tthough the is a net outward force (moving fluid from cap to interticiun) do the vessels swell

A

no because of the draining from lympatic systems

108
Q

where is the transition point

A

it is a point between filtration and reabsoption where there is equilifrium

109
Q

is the transition point closer to venous end or arterial end

A

closer to venous

110
Q

true or false: capillaries filter more than they reabsord

A

true

111
Q

is the transition point always the same? give example

A

no it changes depending on the needs of the tissue (whether they need more filtration or reabsoprtion)

ex: in skeletal we need a lot of filtration so it wil, be cloed to venous side

112
Q

during filtration, are we only moving fluid

A

no also moving oxygen, gluocse ect

113
Q

during reabsorption are we only moving fluind?

A

no also waste products

EXCI 259: PHYSIOLOGY (21 decks)

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