lecture15: volumes capacites and ventilation part 1 Flashcards
what is pulmonary ventilation
the process by which air is
moved into the lungs
whatt is external respiration
the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood (oxygen from ambient air to lungs)
what is internal respiration
the exchange of gases at the cellular level (oxygen in tissue cells from blood)
what is cellular respiratiton
the utilization of oxygen by the cells to produce energy
oxidative phosphorylation
what is the defintion of oxidative phosphyrlization
overall process of controlled oxidation of metabolites for
production of useful energy
pulm ventilation is the process of movign and exchanging what air
moving and exchanginng ambient air with air in the lungs
how does air enter
air enters the nose and mouth and trachae
what happens to air i nthe trachea
trachea and adjusts to body
temperature, is filtered and
humidified
what is the process of air movement
nose and mouth trachea (warmed, moistened, filtered) two bronchi bronchioles alveoli
ventilatory system is subdivided into what two zones
1) conducting zone
2) Transitional and respiratory zones
what structures make up the conduction zones
trachea and terminal bronchiles
what is the functions of the conducting zones
Air transport, humidification, warming, particle filtration, vocalization, immunoglobulin secretion
whatt are the structures pf transitional and respiratory zones
bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
what are the functions of transitional and respiratory zone
Gas exchange, surfactant production, molecule activation and inactivation, blood clotting regulation, and endocrine function
how many generations are there in the respiratory tract
23 generations
in the conducting zones there is no gas exchange or there is gas excahnge
no gas exchange
in the transitional and respiratory zones, is there any gas excahnge
yes
the smaller the bronchioles, the smaller or larger the SA
larger SA
as airway generation icnreases, what happens to the total CSA
it icnreases
what provides the gas exchange surface that seperates blood from the surrounding alveolar gaseous environment
lungs
lungs provide the gas exhange surface that seperates what
blood from the surrounding alveolar gaseous environment
in the lungs, oxygen transfers from where to where
alveolar air into alveolar capillary blood
in the lungs CO2 moves into where
into the alveoli and then in to the ambient air
an avg sized adult lungs weights how much
1kg
An average-sized adult’s lungs
has a volume of BLANK
4-6 L
truw or false: the lung is mostly made from solid tissue
false, only about 10% of solid tossue and the rest is filled with air and blood
what governs the diffusion of gas across a fluid membrane
ficks law of diffusion
ficks law states that a gas diffuses through a sheet of tissue at a
rate: (2 reasons)
- Directly proportional to the tissue area, a diffusion constant,
and the pressure differential of the gas on each side of the
membrane - Inversely proportional to tissue thickness
level of gas exchange happens where
at the level of the alveoli
if there is a large SA, there is a larger or decrease diffusion
increase diffusion
how does tissue thickness icnrease
smoking
what is the problem with smoking
it increase tissue thickness which makes it harder for gas to f=diffuse into tthe lungs
if the tissue thickness is larger, is it harder or easier to diffuse and trtansport gas
harder
there are more tthan 600 mil alveoli that provude the surface for what
gas exhchange between lung tissue and blood
what receives the largest blood supply of all the organs
alveoli
what is the only organ that receives the full stroke volume
lung
why does having so many alveoli make gas exchange easier
it increase the possible surface area for exhacnge
explain why av VO2 is not a limitinng factor for CO
becaue as long as you can bring deoxygenated blood to the lungs, gas exchange can happen
capilarries and alveoli lie side by side with the surface as thin as possible to facilitate what
rapid exchange of gasses
how many membranes does gas need to pass through
5 membanres
what disperses surfactant
pores of kahn
pores of kohn within alveoli evenly disperse what
surfactant
Pores of Kohn within alveoli evenly disperse surfactant
over where and what is the function
respiratory membranes to reduce surface tension
for easier alveolar inflation
resistance to expansionn of the lunng cavity and alveoli increases when and why
during inspiration from tthe effect of surface tension
during inspiration, what happens to the resistance of the lungs because of the effect of surface tension
Resistance to expansion of the lung cavity and alveoli increases
what is surfactant
Surfactant consists of a mixture of phospholipids,
proteins, and calcium ions produced by alveolar epithelial
cells that reduces surface tension
surfacttanst reduced the energy required for whatt
for alveolar inflationn and deflation
what causes the lungs to adhere to tthe chest wall and follow itst cevery movement
The pressure differential between the air in the lungs and
the lung–chest wall interface
The pressure differential between the air in the lungs and
the lung–chest wall interface causes the lungs to BLANK
adhere to
the chest wall and follow its every movement
what are tthe ttwo factors that affect to the movement of air innto the lungs from the atmosphere
pressure gradient
resistance
what is the relationship between pressure gradient and resistance and movement of air
V=diff in pressure (diff b/w air around vs air in lugns) /resitance
during isnpiration does the diapragm contract or relax
cotnracts
durinng innspiration what happens to the diagphram
contrtacts, flatten, and mvoes downwards towarrds the abdominnal cavity
what happens to the chest cavity during inspiration and what does that cause
Elongation and enlargement of the chest cavity expands the air in
the lungs, causing its intrapulmonary pressure to decrease to
slightly below atmospheric pressure
during inspiration, does the intrapulmonary pressure increase or decrease
decreases to slighttly below athmospheric pressure
lungs inflate as the nose and mouth do what
suck in air
when does inspiration finish
causing
equality between intrapulmonary
and ambient atmospheric pressurewhen thoracic cavity expansion ceases
what is the pressure relationship during inspirtation
intrapulmonary pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure
what is the pressure relationship at the end of inspiration
equaility bettween intrapulmonary and ambient atmospheric pressure
whAT DOES boyle law state
Boyle’s law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely
related to its volume (or vice versa) under conditions of
constant temperature:
low pressure is assocaited with BLANK volume
large volume
high pressure is associated with BLANk volume
small
if you increase the volume in the lungs, the pressure decreases and that causes you to inhale or exhale
inhale
during exercise what muscles contract to cause the ribs to rotate and lift up and away from the body
scaleni and external intercostal
during extecise, the scaleni and external intercostal muscles between the ribs contact causing the ribs to what…
rotate and lift up and away from the bod y
inspiratory action increases during exercise how?
when the diaphragm descends, the ribs swing upward, and the sternum thrusts outward
why does bending at the waist facilitate breathing following exercise
Promotes blood flow back
to the heart
Minimizes antagonistic effects of gravity on the usual upward direction
of inspiratory movements
=blood moves closer/spreads to facilitate gas exchange
the lower the diaphragm goes, the more or less air enters
more
explain the relationship between volume and pressure during inhalation
increase volume in thoracci cage
decrease pressure in lungs
=more ai rinto the system (inhales)
During rest and light exercise, air moves out of the lungs
through a passive process resulting from:
Natural recoil of the stretched lung tissue and relaxation of the
inspiratory muscles
explain the relationship between volume and pressure during exhalation
decrease volume
increase pressiure
=exhale against ambient pressure
during exhalation, does the diaphram rise or lower
rise
during exhalation what happens to ribs and sternum
sternum and ribs drop
during exhalation, the chest cavity volume decrases which does what to alverolar air
compressing alveolar gas so airmoves from respiratory tract to atmosphere
when does exhalattion end
Ends when the compressive force of
expiratory muscles ceases and intrapulmonary
pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure
and the end of exhaltion is there a higher or lower intrapulmonary pressure in comparison to ambient pressure
neither, equal
what do the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles do to the ribs and abdominal cavity
act forcefully on the ribs and abdominal cavity to reduce thoracic dimensions
by reducing the dimensions of tthe thoracic cage during expiration during exercise, what does that do tto exhalation
exhalation becomes more rapid and extension
what is lung compliance
extent to which lungs expand for each unit of increase in transpulmonary (pleural) pressure.
what is the Measure of lung’s opposition (resistance) to inflation.
lung compliance
what is the compliance lung formula
compliance = change in volume/ change in pressure
elastic forces of the lungs are divided into what 2 parts
Elastic forces of lung tissue itself (rubber band effect=stretch and recoil)
Elastic forces caused by surface tension of fluid that
lines inside walls of alveoli
what are the elastic forces of the lung tissue determined mainly by
Determined mainly by elastin and collagen fibers interwoven among
lung parenchyma
when lungs are expanded what happens to the elastin and collagen
stretched
elastic forces of the lung tissues are the force that acts to resist what
distension/inflatiion
elstic forces of the lung tissue account for BLANK of the total elastic forces for returnign lung to natureal state
1/3
what is the surface tension of the alveoli caused by
Caused by attraction between alveolar lining fluid and the air in the
alveoli
true or false: elastic forces of the lung are the only force that acts to resist distention.inflationn
false, also surface tension of the alveoli
surface tension of the alveoli account for BLANK of the total elastic forces for returning lung to natural state
2/3
what is the effect of surfactant o nsurface tension
Part of the surfactant molecule dissolves while the remainder
spreads over the surface of the water in the alveoli.
Prevents collapse of the alveoli.
the surface tension on the alveoli prodcues a force that is directed in or outwards
inwards towards the center of the alverolus and creates a pressure
what is the laplace law for alverolus orssure
pressure= 2x surface tension/radius
surfacant increases or decreases sufrace tension
decreases
true or false: Thoracic cage has its own elastic characteristics
true
compliance of the total pulm system is made up of what structures
lungs and thoracic cage
pressure needed to inflate total pulmonary system is higher or lower than the pressure needed to inflate the lungs alone
2x higher needed to inflate total
the compliace of the entire pump system is higher or lower than the complace of the lungs alone
about 1’2 lower
is it easier to inflate the lungs or thoracic cageq
lungs
work of breathing can be divided into what 3 parts
1) Compliance or elastic work
2. Tissue resistance work
3. Airway resistance work
what is the compliance or elastic work
– Work required to expand lungs against lung and chest elastic
forces
what is the greatest source of resistance in work of breathing
compliance/elastic work
what is the tissue resistance work
– Work required to overcome viscosity of chest wall structures
does the tissue resistance work take a large or small percegante of taotal work
smal l
viscous/dense tissue is less or more elastic
less
what is airway resistance work
Work required to overcome airway resistance to movement of air
into the lungs
what is the airway resistance work during heavy breathing/exercise
– During heavy breathing, great volumes of airflow through bronchi
at high velocities; requires greater % of airway resistance work to
overcome increased airway resistance
why is exhaling air harder
exhalation is harder because air goes from a large SA (all the alveoli, brinchioles etc) to smaller and smaller surface area (trachae)
=increase resistance
true or false” inhaling goes from low to high pressure the further away from trahce
false it goes from high to low
