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Psychopathology of Everyday Life > Lecture three > Flashcards

Lecture three Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between FEAR and ANXIETY?

A

Fear:
Threat is imminent - here and now.

Anxiety:
Threat is in the future.

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2
Q

How are anxiety disorders defined?

A

Excessive fear and anxiety that is long-lasting.
Usually associated with avoidant behaviour of the trigger.

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3
Q

“Behavioural avoidance”. Is this a key component of how anxiety disorders manifest?

What are the reasons and consequences of behavioural avoidance?

A

Yes.

This means that people are not able to get feedback about an event they are afraid of in terms of whether fears would manifest or not.

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4
Q

When do symptoms of anxiety disorders tend to first appear?

A

In childhood and adolescence and yearly adulthood.

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5
Q

What is the global 12-month prevalence of anxiety disorders?

A

14%

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6
Q

What are the top 5 anxiety disorders?

A
  1. Specific phobia.
  2. GAD.
  3. Social anxiety disorder.
  4. Agorophobia.
  5. Panic disorder.
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7
Q

Are females at twice the risk of experiencing anxiety disorders?

A

Yes.

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8
Q

When does difficulty due to anxiety become diagnosable as an anxiety disorder?

A
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9
Q

What are the three “trajectories” discussed in lec that describe development of anxiety disorders?

A

Trajectory 1:
Trajectory 2:
Trajectory 3:

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10
Q

What are some of the comorbid disorders/disabilities that can develop as a result of or alongside anxiety disorders.

A

Depression.

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11
Q

Are OCD and Acute Stress Disorder in their own category in the DSM-5 and was this the case in DSM-4?

A

Yes. In DSM-4 they were under anxiety disorders.

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12
Q

What is one of the main things that has increased the accessibility of CBT?

A

Computerised-CBT programs.

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13
Q

In CBT one of the things that is done is cognitive reappraisal.

What is cognitive reappraisal?

A

Examining the way client is thinking about a situation and check facts/feelings.

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14
Q

In DSM-5, when diagnosing an anxiety disorder, do symptoms have to cause clinically significant distress or negatively impact social, occupational, or other important functioning?

A

Yes.

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15
Q

Can anxiety disorders have an adaptive aspect?

A

Yes, they can.

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16
Q

Are biopsychosocial formulations helpful for the client?

A

Yes. This gives the client an broadview understanding of why they are where they are.

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17
Q

What are the 4 P’s in the biopsychosocial formulation model?

A

Presenting problem. Then we consider the following 4 P’s in three domains: biological, psychological, and social.

  1. Predisposing factors.
  2. Precipitating factors.
  3. Perpetuating factors.
  4. Protective factors.
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18
Q

What is Specific Phobia in DSM-5?

A

Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation.
The object or situation almost always induces the feelings of fear.

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19
Q

What is considered “clinically significant distress or impairment” in the DSM-5?
How is determined?

A

I don’t know. Seems like it would be up to practitioner to decide….

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20
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of specific phobias?

A

3-15%

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21
Q

Are specific phobias considered to be as a result of classical conditioning?

A

Yes. At least a large part of it.

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22
Q

Can people learn indirectly from observing cause and response to things?

A

Yes.
Think of children that observe abuse of a parent or sibling and develop fear of people that look like/or are like their father, even though they themselves were never physically harmed by father.
This is a very adaptive ability we have.

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23
Q

What is the gold-standard treatment for specific phobias?

What percentage of people show significant clinical improvement?

Is imaginal exposure sometimes used?

A

Exposure therapies.

70- 85 %.

SSRI’s can also be used.

Yes. And it can be very effective.
Virtual reality exposure therapy is also helpful for some.

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24
Q

What are panic disorders and how are they diagnosed in the DSM-5?

A

Recurring unexpected panic attacks for a one-month period or more, along with fear and/or worry about having another attack, which can lead to a change in behaviour, such as avoidance.

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25
Q

How are Panic Attacks diagnosed in the DSM-5?

How do the diagnosis criteria take into consideration of other medically relevant info/causes? It seems that the diagnosing criteria could describe other medical conditions? How do they decide it is not another health situation and not a panic attack?

A
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26
Q

What are the diagnosis criteria in DSM-5 for
Panic Disorder?

A
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27
Q

What are the population prevalence for Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder?

A

13.2% and 1.7% respectively.

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28
Q

Does coming from a low-income household increase risk of developing Panic Disorder by 50%

A

Yes.

29
Q

Can asthma predispose people to developing panic disorder and panic attacks?
Why?

A

Yes.
Smoking can increase risk as well.

30
Q

What are some of the co-morbid disorders, struggles, disabilities that can occur with panic disorder?

A

Major depressive disorder, agorophobia, and substance dependence.

31
Q

How would you explain why females are twice as likely to develop anxiety disorders as males?

How would you explain how low SES increase risk of developing anxiety disorders?

What does this mean for how we diagnose and think about anxiety “disorders”.

What are the benefits of “clinically diagnosing” someone with a mental health disorder?
What are detriments, if we consider where these symptoms come from and why these symptoms arise?

A
32
Q

What is Agoraphobia?

How is it defined in DSM-5?

A

Marked fear or anxiety about:
Using PT.
Being in open spaces.
Being in closed spaces.
Being in a line or crowd.
Being alone outside the home.

33
Q

What are some of the main lines of treatment for Panic Disorders?

A

Psychoeducation.
Psychopharmalogical treatments.

34
Q

How is “clinically significant distress” determined in the DSM-5?

A
35
Q

What is the population 12-month prevalence of agoraphobia?

A

1-1.7%

36
Q

What is the typical treatment for Agoraphobia?

A

CBT.
Psychoeducation.
Exposure therapy.
Psychopharmacological treatments.

37
Q

How is Social Anxiety Disorder diagnosed in DSM-5?

A

Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny.

For children, the fear needs to be around peers and not just adults, as this is developmentally appropriate.

Social anxiety can be specified as Performance Only, if the fear occurs only in performance settings or public speaking.

38
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of social anxiety disorder?

A

4%

39
Q

What are some of the co-morbid disorders that can occur with Social Anxiety Disorders?

A

Mood disorder.
Another anxiety disorder.
Substance use disorder.

40
Q

What leads to people having “poor social skills”?

What are safety behaviours in regards to Social Anxiety Disorders?

A

Safety behaviours are done as an attempt to reduce anxiety. This may be wearing a hhody that blocks out face. Wearing a lot of tops to avoid people see you sweating etc.

41
Q

What does “psychologically minded” mean?

A

Aware of their patterns of thinking, maladaptive beliefs, and understanding of how psychology can influence the way see are in the world.
Being psychologically minded is a protective factor for people, although it can swing too far in the direction of intellectualising and is used as a way to continue to avoid feeling.

42
Q

What is the typical treatment to Social Anxiety Disorders?

A

CBT.
-Behvaioural compent including exposure therapy and Applied relaxation.
-cognitive component including cognitive restructuring.

43
Q

What is Generalised Anxiety Disorder?
How is GAD diagnosed in DSM-5?

A

Excessive worry and anxxiety about various events have occurred more days than not for at least 6 months.
Person finds it difficult to control the worry.

44
Q

What is the 12-month prevalence and the lifetime prevalence of GAD?

A

Up to 4.3%
Life-time prevalence is 9%.

45
Q

What are some of the co-morbid disorders that can be experienced with GAD?

A

81.9% of those with GAD also experience a comorbid mental health disorder, such as mood disorder, another anxiety disorder, and/or substance use disorder.

46
Q

What is the Avoidance Model of Worry by Borkovec?

This model is an attempt at to explain the aetiology of anxiety.

A

The idea that worrying will help problem solve and remove the perceived threat. In doing so the person avoids being with the experience.

47
Q

What is the Intolerance of Uncertainty Model of the aetiology of anxiety by Dugas and Ladouceur?

A

Uncertain or ambiguous situations are intolerable and worry allows people to feel that they are in control or makes them feel the unknown is more known.

48
Q

What is the Meta-cognitive Model by Wells?

A

Meta-worry.

People develop the belief that worry helps, but then begin to worry about worrying.

49
Q

Lots of people have this resistance to admitting that worry is not a good way to motivate ourselves. They seem to be very married to the idea that their worry is why they have achieved what they’ve achieved.
Perhaps this is more prevalent at Uni Melb, due to what it takes to go here.

What would be your response if someone said this to you?

A
50
Q

What are some of the standard treatments for GAD?

A

CBT in combination with psychopharmacological intervention.
Although only about 50% of clients respond to medication and/or psychotherapy.

51
Q

What are some criticisms of GAD as a diagnosis?

A
52
Q

Is it true to GAD is more likely to develop an Attention Bias and Major Depressive Disorder more likely to develop Memory Bias?

A

Yes.

53
Q

In individuals with anxiety, what is seen in the amygdala and pre-frontal cortex?

A

The amygdala is often more activated and the pre-frontal cortex has less activation, i.e. the fear pathway is heightened and the reasoning pathways are dulled.

54
Q

What is a key behavioural feature of anxiety?

A

avoidance.

55
Q

Anxiety disorders are second only to what other mental health disorder when it comes to DALYs?

A

Unipolar depression.

56
Q

What percentage of DALYs are attributed to mental health disorders?

A

Around 20%.
4.1% attributed to anxiety disorders.

57
Q

What age group has the highest levels of mental health disorders?

A

16 - 24 year olds.

58
Q

According to DSM-5, are PTSD and OCD under anxiety disorders?

A

No.
They are in their own category.

59
Q

What is the generic treatment of anxiety disorders?

A

CBT and/or pharmacotherapy.

60
Q

Is psychoeducation a big part of CBT?

A

Yes.

61
Q

What are some of the behaviour changes that are implemented during CBT?

A

Exposure.
Behavioural experiments.
Relaxation techniques.
Skills training.

62
Q

What is the structure of the DSM-5 for anxiety disorders?

A

Symptoms that clients experience that RULE IN the disorder.
A time-period for experiencing these symtpoms.
Symptoms must cause distress and or negatively impact their life.
Exclusion criteria.
Specifiers.

63
Q

In the DSM-5, one of the diagnostic criteria for specific phobias is that the fear is out of proportion to the actual threat posed.

Does this count for cultural norms as well, such as fear of hell for those in religions that have hell as a punishment for bad behaviour.

A

True.

64
Q

Can fear toward a specific object or situation develop without have experienced the object or experience?

A

Yes. We can develop a fear response to observing someone else engage with object or situation.
This is observed learning and is an evolutionarily beneficial capability we have.

65
Q

Is psychoeducation particularly important in treating panic disorder?

A

Yes.
Explaining to clients how anxiety manifests in the body can aid clients in reducing fear around panic attacks.

66
Q

According to DMS-5, can clients have panic disorder and agorphobia?

A

Yes.

67
Q

I do not see the benefit of why we categorise sets of symptoms as substance use disorder and anxiety disorder etc, when they are so clearly intertwined.

A
68
Q

What is the Contrast Avoidance Model of GAD?

A

Helps people avoid going from feeling good to feeling bad, which can be unsettling and uncomfortable. Worry allows people to stay in a slightly more negative state, so when bad things happen they do not have as far to fall.

Psychopathology of Everyday Life (13 decks)

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