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Psychopathology of Everyday Life > Lecture four > Flashcards

Lecture four Flashcards

1
Q

What do we mean when we say ‘mood’? (according to DSM-5).

A

Mood refers to pervasive and sustained emotion which colours an individual’s experience of the world.

This is the DSM-5 definition of mood.

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2
Q

According the DSM-5, what is affect?

A

Affect refers moment-to-moment experience of emotional states as well as observable expression of emotion.

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3
Q

What is the primary disturbance in mood disorders, according to the DSM-5?

A

Mood - either depression, mania or both.

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4
Q

What is the difference between unipolar depression and bipolar disorder?

A

Unipolar depression is characterised by depressive moods, whereas bipolar is characterised by both periods of mania and depression.

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5
Q

According to HITOP model, where do major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder fit?

A

Both MDD and bipolar fit under the INTERNALISING syndromes. MDD is then under the DISTRESS umbrella and bipolar is under MANIA.

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6
Q

What is the difference between bipolar I and bipolar II?

A

Those with Bipolar I experience more frequent episodes of mania along with episodes of depressed mde.

Those with Bipolar II do not experience episodes of mania, but do experience hypomanic episodes, and experience more frequent and likely more severe depressive episodes.

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7
Q

Epidemiology of mood disorders.

Are females more likely to have mood disorders, than males?

A

Yes.

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8
Q

Are people within the LGBTQIA+ community more likely to have a mood disorder than straight/cis people?

A

Yes.

About 7.5% of general population have a 12-month prevalence of mood disorders, whereas people in LGBTQIA+ community have a 28.2% 12-month affective disorder.

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9
Q

Are people who have experienced not having a place to live at some point in their life more likely to have a mood disorder?

A

Yes.

16.9% compared to 6.5%.

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10
Q

Are people who are not engaged in work or study more likely to have a mood disorder?

A

Yes.

12.1% compared to 7.5%.

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11
Q

With above statistics it is very important to not draw causation conclusions when these are just representative of correlations.

A

It may be that not working or studying increases risk of developing a mood disorder, and it may be that those who have mood disorders find it more difficult to engage in work or study.

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12
Q

Did DSM-IV exclude diagnosis of MDE (major depressive episode) if the bereavement was <2 months ago?

What is the more realistic timeline for grief?

A

Yes.

Research suggests 1-2 years is a more realistic timeline for grief. Obviously this would be different everyone and every situation.

Having said that treatments for MDE and MDD can be helpful in helping people with experiences of grief.

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12
Q

When it comes to self-esteem, what is the difference between grief and MDE/MDD?

A

In grief self-esteem normally remains in tact. When it comes to MDE AND MDD self-esteem can begin to decline.

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13
Q

When people say they are depressed, they sometimes just mean that they are experiencing feelings of depression.

This is an example of concept creep.

A

Yes.

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14
Q

What tends to differentiate sadness and depression?

A

Time and intensity of the mood disturbance.

Quality of the mood.

Associated symptoms, such as somatic and cognitive symptoms.

Absence of precipitants - such as mood disturbance developing in the apparent absence of something having happened. “I have every reason to be happy, but feel miserable.”

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15
Q

According to DSM-5, what are the four depressive disorders?

A

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder.
Major Depressive Disorder.
Persistent Depressive Disorder.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.

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16
Q

“The pain is unrelenting, one does not abandon, even briefly, one’s bed of nails but is attached to it wherever one goes.”
William Styron, Darkness Visible.

A

This was me once upon a time. That time is sometimes now.

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17
Q

What is anhedonia?

A
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18
Q

According to DSM-5, to be diagnosed with MDD, one needs to have experience five or more specific symptoms for more than two weeks.

What are these symptoms and what are the two key ones that one needs to have experienced at least one of?

A

Symptoms:

The two key symptoms that one needs to have experienced in order to be diagnosed with MDD are depressed mood or anhedonia.

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19
Q

When it comes to diagnosis of MDD, the individual needs to have NO HISTORY of manic or hypomanic episodes.

True?

A

Yes.

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20
Q

In Aus, what is the 12-month prevalence of MDD/MDE?
What is the global 12-month prevalence?

A

4.9%.

6%.

21
Q

What is the median age of onset of MDE/MDD?

A

25 years.

22
Q

Does a family history of MDD increase risk of developing MDD?

Are AFAB individuals more likely to develop MDD than AMAB?

A

Yes and Yes.

23
Q

Is there an increased risk of developing other health conditions, such as obesity and heart disease, when one has MDD?

A

Yes.

24
Q

The course of MDD:

  1. What percentage of individuals exhibit stable recovery?
  2. What percentage of individuals relapse within 5 years of recovery?
  3. What percentage of individuals experience a chronic course of MDD?
  4. What percentage of indiviudals experience a recurrent course?
A
  1. 40-60%.
  2. 50%.
  3. 15%.
  4. 30-60%.
25
Q

What percentage of people who suicide have MDD?

A

Around 60%.

26
Q

What is the 12-month prevalence of suicidal ideation?

A

2%

27
Q

What is the 12-month prevalence of suicidal attempt?

A

0.3%

28
Q

Which communities are more at risk of suicide?

A

Males.

LGBTQIA+ individuals.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander individuals.

29
Q

Why are males more likely to attempt suicide?

A

Less likely to seek help.

Lecturer mentioned impulsivity…not sure what I think about this.

Substance use. Males are more likely to rely on substances to cope with their suffering.

30
Q

What is the Werther Effect?

A

Refers to the notion that when suicide is reported in the media it increases risk of others completing suicide, especially if it was a celebrity.

31
Q

What are some of the social and environmental risk factors for MDD?

A

SES.
Neighbourhood factors, such as exposure to neighbourhood violence.
Socioeconomic factors, such as war or migration.
Lifestyle factors, such as lack exercise or smoking.

32
Q

What is the percentage of heritiability of MDD?

A

40-70%.

33
Q

For first-degree relatives of individuals with MDD, what is their risk of developing MDD?

A

5-25%.

34
Q

Is the hippocampus one of the regions that is altered/effected in MDD?

A

Yes.

It is often smaller in those with MDD.

35
Q

Are 80% of MDE preceded by major life event?

A

Yes.

36
Q

Are life-stressors or experiences of life-stressors more common in those with MDD?

A

Yes.

37
Q

Does stress increase risk of MDD?

A

Yes.
The more stressed you are the more cortisol you produce. This has been linked to MDD.

38
Q

Is Neuroticism linked with depression and anxiety?

A

Yes.

39
Q

What are some of the treatment options for MDD?

A

CBT.
Psychodynamic therapy.
Problem-solving therapy.
Interpersonal therapy.
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.

40
Q

What is interpersonal sensitivity?

A
41
Q

What are the three main neurotransmitters indicated in MDD?

A

Serotonin.
Dopamine.
Noradrenaline.

42
Q

What is PDD?

A

Persistent Depressive Disorder.

43
Q

Is MDD the second leading contributor to chronic disease burden as measured by DALYs?

A

Yes.

44
Q

Is MDD associated with lower hippocampal volume?

A

Yes.

45
Q

Does MDD prevalence modestly decrease with age after early adulthood?

A

Yes.

46
Q

What is clycothymic disorder?

A

A period of two years of multiple depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes that do not meet the threshold for MDD or bipolar disorder.

47
Q

What is a hypomanic episode?

A

Hypomanic episodes are periods of high energy and overactive behaviour that do not meet threshold for mania and tend to only last for a few days, as opposed to manic episodes that can last for several months.

48
Q

What are the two symptoms that need to have been present for at least 2 weeks in order to diagnose a major depressive episode?

A

Depressed mood AND anhedonia.

49
Q

Are 80% of MDEs preceded by a major life difficulty, such as a loss?

A

Yes.

50
Q

Is Persistent Depressive Disorder more likely to be treatment resistant than MDD or MDEs?

A

Yes.

51
Q
A

Psychopathology of Everyday Life (13 decks)

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