Lecture 6 - OC and related disorders Flashcards
Are males more likely to have OCD in childhood and women more likely to have OCD in adulthood?
Yes.
What are the diagnostic criteria of OCD?
Individuals experience obsessions and/or compulsions that are time consuming and distressing.
Individuals can have good.fair insight, poor insight, or absent insight/delusional beliefs.
Do most people with OCD have both obsessions and compulsions?
Yes.
What is the 12 month prevalence of OCD?
1.2%
What is the lifetime prevalence of OCD?
2.3%
What is the average onset of OCD?
Around 19 years of age.
Is checking/fear of harming others one of the main compulsions/obsessions?
Yes.
Is there a gender difference in prevalence of OCD in adults?
No.
What is the prevalence of OCD being a chronic illness for those who experience it?
50%.
1/3 to 1/2 of those who experience OCD report that they first developed OCD symtoms in childhood.
T/F?
True.
Are women more likely to have fears/obsessions about harming others?
Yes.
What percentage of individuals with OCD have obsessions and compulsions?
What percentage have obsessions and mental rituals, but no behavioural compulsions?
90%
8-20%.
Is OCD highly comorbid with other mental health disorders?
What are some of the disorders most commonly commorbid with OCD?
Yes.
MDD.
OCPD.
GAD.
Specific phobia.
Social phobia.
Suicidal ideation.
What are some of the proposed causes of OCD?
Learned responses.
Genetic predispositions, such as mutations in the hSERT gene.
Environmental factors.
Brain structure and function.
What mutations in the hSERT gene have been linked to OCD?
Mutations in hSERT that increase the activity of the serotonin transporter have been linked to OCD. The theory is that the transporter is too effective, reuptaking serotonin at a rate that is faster than the general population, resulting in decreased levels of serotonin in the synapses.
Is OCD considered an anxiety disorder?
No.
Although, OCD is often comorbid with anxiety disorders.
I don’t know how I feel about this. From my experience anxiety was the major driver of my experiences with OCD.
Is CBT an effective treatment for OCD?
Yes. For some CBT can be very effective at helping individuals out of their struggles with OCD.
Is it true that 80% of the population may experience intrusive thoughts?
Yes. There are stats that suggest this.
The difference between individuals with OCD and the general population is that the former tend to resist these thoughts, identify with these thoughts, see these thoughts are a true reflection of who they are, are more intense in nature and more diametrically opposed to the individual’s values.
Those who experience intrusive thoughts often want to have complete control over their thoughts, they also find their intrusive thoughts threatening, and have a low tolerance for (certain) uncertainty.
T/F?
Yes.
Do people with OCD have a high level of perfection?
Sometimes. Not always though.
Did COVID increase rates and severity of OCD?
For some, especially those concerned with contamination.
However, there was not a significant increase in new cases of OCD.
What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder?
Individuals experiencing BDD have a preoccupation with one or more bodily flaws that are not observable by others, or are only slight.
This fear is associated with repetitive behaviours, such as body checking, seeking reassurance, mental processes.
This preoccupation and the associated behaviour leads to significant distress, including shame.
Some people have muscle dysmorphia as a specifier to BDD. This is much more common in men than in women.
BDD has a very cultural element, as different cultures often have different beauty standard.
T/F?
True.
What is the prevalence of BDD?
0.7 - 2.4%.
There is not a disparity in prevalence of BDD between men and women.
T/F?
True.
This shocked me.
What is the average age of onset of BDD?
16/17.
What proportion of those experiencing BDD attempt suicide?
25%.
Are those who develop BDD prior to 18 more likely to attempt suicide than those with adult onset BDD?
Yes.
Apart of the shame and distress of how those with BDD experience, what are some other repercussions of this disorder?
Individuals can engage in avoidance behaviours that can lead to social isolation, occupational struggles etc.
What are some of the treatments available for BDD?
Exposure to normally avoided situations.
Self-inquiry.
Considering why someone has developed a certain belief about their looks and value.
What are the diagnostic criteria for HOARDING DISORDER?
A. Persistent difficulty letting go of possessions, despite their lack of value.
B. Difficulty is due to a perceived need to keep the items due, e.g., one day needing them - anxiety.
C. This difficulty to discard items results in the accumulation of objects to the point of congestion and decline in utility of their space.
D. The accumulation of items causes signigicant distress and impairment in social and occupational functioning.
What is the prevalence of hoarding disorder in Europe and the US?
2-6%.
Is it more likely that hoarding disorder will develop in older individuals than younger?
Yes.
There appears to be no disparity in gender prevalence of HD, but it could be that men have it more often, but that women present for treatment than men.
Why is there so much uncertainty around the stats for HD?
HD was first included as a diagnosis in the DSM-5.
What are some of the cognitive processes and patterns of thinking that underly hoarding disorder?
- A need for control over possessions.
- Concern about the loss of memory if possessions are let go of.
- Can often attribute human-like characteristics to their possessions.
Do some individuals develop a hoarding disorder where they feel the need to collect and retain many animals?
Yes.
Normally this is done out of good will and a desire to look after them and provide them with a “good life”.
This can lead to unintentional neglect.
What is TRICHOTILLOMANIA?
A. Recurrent pulling of one’s hair that results in hair loss.
B. Repeated failed attempts to stop.
C. Hair pulling results in significant distress and functional impairment.
D. Hair pulling or hair loss is not attributable to another medical condition.
Prevalence of trichotillomania seems to be around 1-2%.
Dearth of research.
What are the most common sites of hair pulling?
Scalp and eyelashes/eyebrows.
What is EXCORIATION disorder?
Skin picking disorder.
A. Recurrent skin picking that results in lesions.
B. Repeated attempts to stop.
C. Skin picking results in significant level of distress.
D. Not as a results of medical conditions or substances, such as cocaine.
E. Skin picking is not better attributable to another disorder, such as tactile hallucinations.
What is the prevalence of excoriation disorder?
1-2%.
What are some of the reasons people engage in excoriation or hair pulling?
- Can make some people feel good.
- Some people feel they go into a trance-like state. Can be mesmerizing.
Is there are a large proportion of individuals with trichotillomania or excoriation disorder that are unaware of the act?
Yes.
