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Psychopathology of Everyday Life > Exam prep questions > Flashcards

Exam prep questions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the mood disorders according the DSM-5 discussed in lecture 4?

A

Major Depressive Disorder.
Persistent Depressive Disorder.
Pre-menstrual Dysphoric Disorder.
Bipolar I and Bipolar II disorder.

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2
Q

What is one of the disorders included in the ICD that is not included in the DSM-5 that we discussed at length in lecture 7?

A

cPTSD.

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3
Q

Are women or men more likely to develop PTSD?

A

Women.

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4
Q

What is the difference between delusions and hallucinations?

A

Delusions are fixed beliefs that do not shift with conflicting evidence.
Hallucinations are sensory or auditory experiences that are illicited without an external stimulus.

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5
Q

What are negative psychotic symptoms according to the DSM-5?

A
  1. Diminished emotional expression.
  2. Avolition - inability to engage in or initiate goal-oriented behaviours.
    3.Alogia - diminished speech output.
  3. Anhedonia.
  4. Asociality.
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6
Q

According to DSM-5, what is a brief psychotic disorder?

A

Psychotic symptoms last less than one month and more than one day.

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7
Q

What are the five psychotic disorders from DSM-5 we discussed in lecture 5?

A
  1. Brief Psychotic Disorder.
  2. Delusional Disorder.
  3. Schizophreniform disorder.
  4. Schizophrenia.
  5. Shizoaffective Disorder.
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8
Q

How is Delusional Disorder defined in DSM-5?

A

Delusional disorder is characterized by at least one month of delusions, but no other psychotic symptoms.

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9
Q

What is the difference between Schizofreniform disorder and Schizophrenia?

A

Schizophreniform disorder meets all the requirements for schizophrenia, except that the symptoms have been present for less than 6 months and more than 1 month and there is no requirement for a decline in functioning.

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10
Q

Do men tend to develop psychosis earlier than women?

A

Yes.

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11
Q

What is one of the genes that has been indicated in Schizophrenia that we discussed in lecture 5?

A

COMT gene. The COMT gene is involved in maintaining functional levels of dopamine. It’s role in Schizophrenia development and progression is not yet fully understood.

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12
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia development and progression?

A

That excessive dopamine activity leads to the experience of psychotic symptoms.

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13
Q

What is the SOCIAL DEFEAT HYPOTHESIS of Schizophrenia?

A

The social defeat hypothesis states that experiencing social exclusion and negative social experiences sensitises the mesolimbic dopamine system, thereby increasing risk of experience psychotic symptoms.
This may explain why people that are part of oppressed groups or minority groups experience heightened risk of experiencing psychotic symptoms.

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14
Q

How does the DSM-5 define obsessions?

How does the DSM-5 define compulsions?

A

Obsessions:
1. Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced, at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and unwanted, and that in most individuals cause marked anxiety or distress.
AND
2. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress such thoughts, urges, or images, or to neutralize them with some other thought or action (i.e., by performing a compulsion).

Compulsions:
1.Repetitive behaviors (e.g., hand washing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (e.g., praying, counting, repeating words silently) that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly.
AND
2. The behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing some dreaded event or situation; however, these behaviors or mental acts are not connected in a realistic way with what they are designed to neutralize or prevent, or are clearly excessive.

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15
Q

What is one of the main obsessions and compulsions individuals with OCD experience?

A

Fear of harming others manifesting as a checking compulsion.

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16
Q

Is there a gender difference in prevalence of OCD in adults?

A

No.
More men develop OCD as children. Women tend to develop it in adulthood.
Mean age of onset is 19 years.

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17
Q

What is one of the genes that has been linked to OCD that we discussed in lecture 6?

A

hSERT gene.
Mutations in this gene that increase the efficacy of this gene have been implicated in OCD. The gene reuptakes serotonin from the synapses, therefore a too-efficient hSERT gene decreases “normal” levels of serotonin in the synapse.

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18
Q

Is there a disparity in prevalence of BDD between men and women?

A

No.
Shocked me.

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19
Q

What are the disorders discussed in lecture 6 ‘OC and related disorders’?

A
  1. OCD.
  2. BDD.
  3. Hoarding Disorder.
  4. Trichotillomania Disorder.
  5. Excoriation Disorder.
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20
Q

What are the specifiers for Adjustment Disorder in the DSM-5?

A
  1. With depressed mood.
  2. With anxiety.
  3. With mixed anxiety and depressed mood.
  4. With disturbance of conduct.
  5. Unspecified - for maladaptive reactions that do not meet the specifiers mentioned above.
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21
Q

When is an adjustment disorder likely to be diagnosed?

A

When an individual meets criteria for PTSD but criterion A. Or when individual meets criterion A and some other, but not all of the other criteria for PTSD.

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22
Q

What is the difference between Acute Stress Disorder and PTSD?

A

Acute Stress Disorder describes distress and reactions to a traumatic event that develop 3 days after and before 1 month of the traumatic event.
PTSD on the otherhand tends to last for months to years.
It should be noted that disturbance often develops immediately after the traumatic event, but to meet criteria for Acute Stress Disorder, the disturbance needs to be present for at least 3 days.

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23
Q

What are the trauma- and stressor-related disorders discussed in lecture 7?

A
  1. PTSD.
  2. Acute Stress Disorder.
  3. Adjustment Disorders.
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24
Q

In the substance-related and addictive disorders section of the DSM-5, how are the disorders separated and chategorised?

A
  1. Substance-use disorders.
  2. Substance-induced disorders:
    a. Intoxication disorders.
    b. withdrawal disorders.
    c. Other substance/medication-induced disorders.
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25
Q

In the DSM-5, what are the two subtypes for PTSD?

A
  1. With dissociative symptoms.
  2. With delayed onset (if symptoms develop more than 6 months after the traumatic event).
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26
Q

What is the difference between Acute Stress Disorder and Adjustment Disorder?

A

Acute Stress Disorder is when an individual meets criteria for PTSD, but symptoms are experienced for less than one month (and more than 3 days).
Adjustment Disorder is when individuals meet criteria A for PTSD but not all other criteria OR they meet the other criteria but not criteria A.

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27
Q

What is one of the criticisms about Adjustment Disorder that we discussed?

A

That Adjustment Disorder pathologises “living”.

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28
Q

Do individuals with PTSD often have trouble learning, retaining, and recalling new information?

A

Yes.

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29
Q

What is a PTSD-related disorder that is included in the ICD, but is not included in the DSM-5?
What are dimensions of this disorder that a diagnosis of PTSD does not capture?

A

Complex PTSD.
Complex PTSD captures the emotional dysregulation, interpersonal dysfunction, and difficulties in self-identity that can develop as a result of recurrent, pervasive trauma, such as childhood neglect or recurrent abuse.

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30
Q

What are the two subtypes of PTSD?

A

PTSD with dissociative symptoms.
PTSD with delayed onset.

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31
Q

Can people be diagnosed as “in partial remission” if criterion A (low weight) is no longer met, but there is still significant fear of weight gain or there is an undue influence of body weight on self-evaluation (criterion B and C respectively)?

A

Yes.

32
Q

What are the two subtypes of AN?

A

AN-restricting type.
AN-BP type.

33
Q

What are the two subtypes of Bulimia Nervosa?

A
  1. Purging type.
  2. Non-purging type - although compensatory behaviours are involved.
34
Q

Are EDs, especially AN or BN, sometimes egosyntonic?

A

Yes.

35
Q

What are some core features of personality disorders?

A
  1. Functional inflexibility:
    - failure or difficulty in adapting to changing environments or events.
    - tendency to apply rigid rules across all life experiences or domains, even when inappropriate.
  2. Self-defeating behaviour patterns:
    - responding to situations, especially interpersonal situations, in a way that makes the situation difficult to self and others
    - inability to effectively learn from this experience and change behaviour, leading to this type of behaviour being a pattern.
  3. Tenuous stability under stress:
    - marked instability in mood, thinking and behaviour in times of stress, such as confrontation.
    ….JOHN!
36
Q

What is the difference between Schizoid PD and Schizotypal PD?

A

Those with Schizoid PD do not have much desire for close relationships.

Those with Schizotypal PD feel very uncomfortable in social interactions and can exhibit eccentric behaviour

37
Q

What is the difference between Social Anxiety Disorder and Avoidant PD?

A

Social anxiety disorder may be experienced periodically with fluctuating severity.

Avoidant PD is a pervasive pattern of thinking and behaving that makes it very difficult for the individual to make or maintain interpersonal relationships. Often fuelled by beliefs of inadequacy and hypersensitivity.

38
Q

Is OCPD diagnosed twice as often in males as females?

What is the prevalence of OCPD?

A

Yes.

3.2-7.9%.

39
Q

What is the sex ratio for AN?

A

Female:male.
10:1.

40
Q

What is the female:male ratio for binge eating disorder?

A

10:!

41
Q

What mental health disorders have a higher prevalence in young children than they do in adolescents?

A

ADHD and ODD.

Depression, anxiety, eating disorders higher in adolescents.

42
Q

What mental health disorders are more prevalent in female children than male children?

A

PTSD, depression, anxiety, and eating disorders.

ADHD, ODD, ASD, and specific learning disorders are higher in male children.

43
Q

What percentage of those with ASD have an intellectual disability?

A

Around 30%.

44
Q

ASD is diagnosed more in young boys than young girls. What are some of the reasons this may happen?

A

Most of the assessments used to diangose autism were originally generated from observing young boys. Girls with autism often present in a different way.
Girls are more likely to mask symptoms of autism and therefore it goes unrecognised by parents and teachers more easily that for boys. This could happen because girls are conditioned to be less “troublesome”, fit in more, and be “good”, follow the rules etc. Perhaps they also develop the ability to read the room, so to say, earlier than boys which enables them to mask at an earlier age.

45
Q

How is Autism Spectrum Disorder defined in DSM-5?

A

A. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction.

B. Restrictive, repetitive patterns of behaviours, interests, or activities.

C. Symptoms present in early developmental period.

46
Q

How is ADHD diagnosed in DSM-5?

A

A persistent pattern of inattention and or hyperactivity-imulsivity that interferes with functioning or development.

47
Q

What is the proportion of those with ADHD that have the combined presentation of the disorder?

A

75%

48
Q

What proportion of those with mental health conditions, such as anxiety or depression, experience psychotic symptooms, such as hallucinations and delusions?

A

25%

49
Q

Are psychotic symptoms more prevalent in children?

A

Yes.

50
Q

Is one of the criteria for schizoaffective disorder that there needs to have been a period of at least two weeks where the individual experiences delusions and or hallucinations in the absence of the mood disturbance?

A

Yes.
What if this is not met?
Then client likely to be diagnosed with Major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder with psychotic symptoms.

51
Q

Is it true that individuals with a psychotic disorder and 14 times more likely to be a victim of violence than a perpetrator or violence?

A

Yes.

52
Q

One type of psychotic symptoms are negative symptoms. What are the different types of negative symptoms?

A

Lack of emotional expression or feeling.
Avolition.
Alogia.
Anhedonia.
Ascociality.

53
Q

What is Schizophreniform disorder?

A

Presence of two or more experiences of delusions, hallucinations or disorganized thinking, and or grossly disorganised behaviour or negative symptoms.
Episodes last over a month, but less than 6 months and symptoms are present for a significant amount of time within this time frame.

54
Q

Is COMT gene indicated in schizophrenia?

A

Yes.

55
Q

What proportion of those with Body Dysmorphic disorder attempt suicide?

A

25%

56
Q

What are the two subtypes of excoriation disorder and trichotillomania?

A

Automatic pulling/picking - done in an unaware state.

Focused pulling/picking - consciously done as relieve from negative affect or in a response to an urge.

57
Q

What are some gender differences in types of obsessions those with OCD can have?

A

Women tend to have more contamination/cleaning obsessions/compulsions.

Men tend to have more sexual and religious obsessions.

58
Q

What is the duration criterion for PTSD?

A

Symptoms present for at least one month.

59
Q

When is the PTSD subtype “with delayed expression” used?

A

When PTSD symtpoms do not start emerging till 6 months after traumatic event.

60
Q

What is the 12-month prevalence of PTSD?

A

4.4%

61
Q

For a substance-induced disorder to be diagnosed, does the disturbance have to arisen at least one month after use of the substance?

A

Yes.

62
Q

To be diagnosed with Pica or Rumination disorder does the feeding disturbance need to have been going on for at least one month?

A

Yes.

63
Q

In one of the dimensional approaches to diagnosing personality disorders, what are the five broad trait domains for pathological personality traits?

A
  1. Negative affectivity.
  2. Detachment.
  3. Antagonism.
  4. Disinhibition.
  5. Psychoticism.
64
Q

What are the depressive disorders discussed in lec 4?

A

Major Depressive Disorder.

Persistent Depressive Disorder.

64
Q

What are the Bipolar and related disorders discussed in lec 4?

A

Bipolar I and II.
Cyclothymic disorder.

65
Q

Is there a higher prevalence of women with mood disorders than men?

A

Yes.

66
Q

What is the 12 month prevalence of mood disorders in Australia?

A

7.5%

67
Q
A
68
Q

What is the 12-month prevalence of individuals 16-24 with a mood disorder?

A

13.5%.

69
Q

What is the prevalence of MDD?

A

6% 12 month prevalence.

70
Q

Are 80% o Major Depressive Disorders preceded by a major life stressor?

A

Yes.

71
Q

For how long does an idividual need to experience persistent depressed mood more days than not to be diagnosed with Persistent Depressive Disorder?

A

2 years.

72
Q

How long does an individual need to experience manic symptoms for a manic episode to be diagnosed?

A

At least one week.

73
Q

What is the difference between a manic and hypomanic episode?

A

The former leads to signifcant impairment in functioning in one or more domains of life, whereas the latter does not. Having said that, the change is observable by others as being markedly different to how the individual normally is.

74
Q

Is it true to around 40% of children who have one mental health disorder have another?

A

Yes.

75
Q

Has reported prevalence of anxiety disorders in children increased by 51% between 2004 and 2017?

A

Yes.

Psychopathology of Everyday Life (13 decks)

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