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Clinical Chemistry 2 > Lecture: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring > Flashcards

Lecture: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Flashcards

1
Q

Individualized system of administration and management of drug therapy; deals with the measurement of drug concentrations during therapy with pharmaceutical agents

A

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

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2
Q

Rate of administration is equal to the rates of metabolism and excretion

A

Steady-state Drug Level

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3
Q

Drug concentration in the blood can be sub-therapeutic, therapeutic, or toxic

A

Therapeutic Range

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4
Q

Mathematical interpretation of drug disposition over time to determine proper dosing amounts of therapeutic drug

A

Pharmacokinetics

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5
Q

Describes absorption, distribution & elimination of drugs

A

First-Order Kinetics

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6
Q

Describe the rate of change of drug concentration that is independent of the concentration of the drug

A

Zero-Order Kinetics

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7
Q

Whole blood is collected when determining presence of _ and _

A

Cyclosporine
Tacrolimus

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8
Q

Lowest level of drug in the blood

A

Trough Concentration

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9
Q

For initial investigation of therapeutic drug toxicity (exceeds upper therapeutic limit)

A

Peak Concentration

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10
Q

Antibody specific to a particular drug

A

Immunoassay

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11
Q

Best specimen for chromatography

A

Urine

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12
Q

Type of chromatography based on how far drugs travel and separate (stained)

A

Thin-layer Chromatography

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13
Q

Type of chromatography that depends on type of column used, solvent, detector systems; used to determine tricycline depressants and metabolites

A

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

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14
Q

Gold standard in chromatography is used for volatile drugs

A

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

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15
Q

Classification of Drugs

A

Cardioactive
Antibiotics
Antiepileptics
Psychoactive
Bronchodilator
Immunosuppressive
Antineoplastic
Anti-inflammatory (Analgesics)
Neuroepileptics

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16
Q

Rapid sodium channel blockers are what class of cardioactive drugs?

A

Class I

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17
Q

Quinidine, procainamide, lidocaine belongs to what class of cardioactive drugs?

A

Class I

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18
Q

Beta receptor blockers are what class of cardioactive drugs?

A

Class II

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19
Q

Propranolol belongs to what class of cardioactive drugs?

A

Class II

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20
Q

K+ channel blockers are what class of cardioactive drugs?

A

Class III

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21
Q

Amiodarone belongs to what class of cardioactive drugs?

A

Class III

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22
Q

Calcium channel blockers are what class of cardioactive drugs?

A

Class IV

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23
Q

Verapamil belongs to what class of cardioactive drugs?

A

Class IV

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24
Q

Cardiac glycoside for treatment of atrial arrhythmia and CHF; inhibits Na-K-ATPase

A

Digoxin

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25
Q

Local anesthetic that corrects ventricular arrhythmia

A

Lidocaine

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26
Q

Another name for lidocaine

A

Xylocaine

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27
Q

Metabolite of lidocaine

A

Monoethylglycinexylidide

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28
Q

Naturally occurring drug for arrhythmia

A

Quinidine

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29
Q

Substitute for quinidine; for arrhythmia

A

Disopyramide

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30
Q

For ventricular arrhythmia that has toxic effects such as reversible lupus-like syndrome, nephrotic syndrome, urticarial

A

Procainamide

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31
Q

Other name for Procainamide

A

Pronestyl

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32
Q

What type of quinidine peaks 2 hours after oral dose?

A

Quinidine sulfate

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33
Q

What type of quinidine peaks 4 hours after oral dose?

A

Quinidine gluconate

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34
Q

Metabolite of procainamide

A

N-acetyl-procainamide

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35
Q

Beta-receptor-blocking drug; suppresses conversion of T4 to T3

A

Propranolol

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36
Q

Blocks K+ channels in cardiac muscle; contains iodine

A

Amiodarone

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37
Q

Other name for amiodarone

A

Cordarone

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38
Q

Treatment for angina, hypertension, supraventricular dysfunction

A

Verapamil

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39
Q

Antibiotics

A

Aminoglycosides
Vancomycin
Chloramphenicol

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40
Q

Types of aminoglycosides

A

Gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin

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41
Q

Disopyramide can induce dry mouth and constipation, these effects are called?

A

Anticholinergic Effects

42
Q

Aminoglycoside toxicity can result to?

A

Hearing loss

43
Q

Gram-positive cocci and bacilli are susceptible to?

A

Vancomycin

44
Q

Vancomycin toxicity can result to?

A

Red Man Syndrome
Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity

45
Q

Protein synthesis inhibitor; works on gram-negative bacteria

A

Chloramphenicol

46
Q

Chloramphenicol toxicity can result to?

A

Blood dyscrasia (Aplastic anemia)
Cytoplasmic vacuolation

47
Q

Antiepileptics

A

Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Valproic Acid
Carbamazepine
Ethosuximide
Gabapentin
Topiramate, Lamotrigine

48
Q

Long-acting barbiturate; controls the grand mal tonic-clonic seizure & focal seizure

A

Phenobarbital

49
Q

Phenobarbital toxicity can result to?

A

Nystagmus, stupor, ataxia, respiratory depression

50
Q

For tonic-clonic, simple-partial seizure; short-term prophylactic agent; not for petit mal and atomic seizures

51
Q

Phenytoin decreases _ and _ influx

A

Calcium
Sodium

52
Q

Phenytoin toxicity can result to?

A

Teratogenic (cleft lip and palate)

53
Q

Used for petit mal, atomic seizure, grand mal

A

Valproic Acid

54
Q

Other name for valproic acid

55
Q

Valproic Acid toxicity can result to?

A

Pancreatitis

56
Q

Tricyclic compound related to imipramine; used for grand mal seizures

A

Carbamazepine

57
Q

Other name for Carbamazepine

58
Q

Drug of choice for petit mal seizures

A

Ethosuximide

59
Q

Other name for Ethosuximide

60
Q

Carbamazepine toxicity can result to?

A

Hematologic dyscrasias, ataxia

61
Q

Ethosuximide toxicity can result to?

A

GI disturbances, ataxia, SLE, aplastic anemia, pancytopenia

62
Q

Chemically similar to a neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid; for partial seizures

A

Gabapentin

63
Q

Other name for Gabapentin

64
Q

Gabapentin is chemically similar to?

A

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

65
Q

Adjunct drugs for partial seizure

A

Topiramate, Lamotrigine, Felbamate

66
Q

Other name for Lamotrigine

67
Q

Blocks dopamine and serotonin; for Schizophrenia; difficult to monitor

A

Neuroepileptics

68
Q

Neuroepileptics

A

Phenothiazines
Butyrophenones
Risperdal
Olanzapine
Quetiapine
Aripiprazole

69
Q

Example of Butyrophenones

A

Haloperidol

70
Q

Example of Phenothiazines

A

Chlorpromazine

71
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Lithium
Tricylic Antidepressants
Fluoxetine

72
Q

Drug of choice for Chronic cluster headache; inhibits iodine uptake; for manic-depressive illness

73
Q

Used for depression and insomnia

A

Tricylic Antidepressants

74
Q

Major metabolite of TCAs

A

Desipramine

75
Q

Examples of TCAs

A

Imipramine, amitriptyline, doxepin, nortriptyline, trazadone

76
Q

Blocks re-uptake of serotonin; for Obsessive-compulsive disorders

A

Fluoxetine

77
Q

Other name for fluoxetine

78
Q

Relaxes the bronchial smooth muscles; asthma, COPD

A

Theophylline

79
Q

Immunosuppressive Drugs

A

Cyclosporine
Tacrolimus
Rapamycin
Mycophenolate Mofetil
Leflunomide

80
Q

Blocks production of IL-2; prevents allogenic organ transplant
rejection and GVHD

A

Cyclosporine

81
Q

Macrolide antibiotic; 100X more powerful than cyclosporine

A

Tacrolimus

82
Q

Other name for Tacrolimus

83
Q

This immunosuppressive drug has these side effects - lipid abnormalities, thrombocytopenia

84
Q

Other name for Rapamycin

85
Q

Used for renal allograft rejection

A

Mycophenolate Mofetil

86
Q

Inhibits lymphocyte proliferation; treatment for Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Leflunomide

87
Q

Anti-neoplastic and immunosuppressive agent; inhibits DNA synthesis

A

Methorexate

88
Q

Antidote for Methorexate

A

Leucovorin

89
Q

Used for leukemias and lymphomas before BM transplantation

90
Q

Busulfan toxicity can result to?

A

Hepatic occlusive diseases

91
Q

Direct stimulator of respiratory system and inhibitor of Kreb’s cycle

A

Salicylate

92
Q

Other name for Salicylate

93
Q

Anti-Platelet property of Salicylate

A

Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

94
Q

Common cause of fatal drug poisoning

A

Acute aspirin intoxication

95
Q

Salicylate toxicity can result to?

A

Reye’s Syndrome

96
Q

Method used for determining salicylate?

A

Trinder’s assay

97
Q

Inhibits prostaglandin metabolism

A

Acetaminophen

98
Q

Other name for Acetaminophen

99
Q

Lower toxicity than salicylates and acetaminophen

100
Q

Anti-inflammatory Drugs are also known as?

A

Analgesics

Clinical Chemistry 2 (7 decks)

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