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Clinical Chemistry 2 > Lecture: Electrolytes > Flashcards

Lecture: Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Equal number of cations and anions

A

Electroneutrality

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2
Q

Negatively charged & move towards the
anode

A

Anion

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3
Q

Positively charged & move towards the
cathode

A

Cations

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4
Q

Electrolytes for volume and osmotic regulation

A

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride

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5
Q

Electrolytes for myocardial rhythm and contractility

A

Calcium
Potassium
Magnesium

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6
Q

Electrolytes for acid-base balance

A

Bicarbonate
Chloride
Sodium
Inorganic Phosphorus / Phosphate

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7
Q

Electrolytes that are enzyme activation cofactors

A

Calcium
Magnesium

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8
Q

Regulator of ATPase ion pumps

A

Magnesium

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9
Q

Electrolytes for production and use of ATP from glucose

A

Magnesium
Inorganic Phosphorus

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10
Q

Electrolytes for neuromuscular excitability

A

Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium

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11
Q

Electrolytes for blood coagulation

A

Calcium
Magnesium

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12
Q

Electrolytes for DNA replication and mRNA translation

A

Magnesium

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13
Q

Average water content in the body

A

40% to 75%

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14
Q

The fluid inside the cells and accounts for about two thirds of total body water

A

Intracellular fluid

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15
Q

Accounts for the other one third of total body water

A

Extracellular fluid

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16
Q

Normal plasma – about _ water

A

93%

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17
Q

Water retention of 3L

A

Edema

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18
Q

10-20L water excretion

A

AVP Deficiency

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19
Q

Ion concentration within cells and in plasma –maintained both by _ and _

A

Active transport processes
Diffusion

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20
Q

Requires energy (ATP) to move ions across
cellular membranes

A

Active transport

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21
Q

Passive movement of ions across a membrane

A

Diffusion

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22
Q

Physical property of a solution based on the concentration of solutes (millimoles) per kg of solvent (w/w)

A

Osmolality

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23
Q

Concentrated solution = _ osmolality

A

Increased

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24
Q

Diluted solution = _ osmolality

A

Decreased

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25
Q

The 92% contributor of osmolality is our _

A

Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate

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26
Q

The remaining 8% of our osmolality is contributed by

A

Protein
Urea
Glucose

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27
Q

Difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations

A

Anion Gap

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28
Q

High anion gap indicates _ - increased
acidity of the blood due to metabolic processes

A

Metabolic Acidosis

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29
Q

Low anion gap is relatively rare; occur from the presence of abnormal positively charged proteins, as in _

A

Multiple myeloma

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30
Q

Most abundant cation in the ECF; major contributor of plasma osmolality

A

Sodium

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31
Q

Other name for sodium

A

Natrium

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32
Q

Specimen for sodium analysis

A

Serum, heparin plasma, 24-hour urine, sweat

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33
Q

Colorimetric method for sodium

A

Albanese-Lein Method

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34
Q

Electrode used for ISE of sodium

A

Glass aluminum silicate

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35
Q

Hormones affecting sodium

A

Aldosterone
Atrial Natriuretic Factor

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36
Q

Secreted by adrenal cortex; promotes Na
retention and K excretion

A

Aldosterone

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37
Q

Endogenous antihypertensive agent; secreted from cardiac atria; blocks the aldosterone and renin secretion

A

Atrial Natriuretic Factor

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38
Q

Serum Na > 145 mmol/L; loss of water, gain of sodium

A

Hypernatremia

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39
Q

Serum Na < 135 mmol/L; most common electrolyte disorder; Renal failure, Hyperglycemia, SIADH, K+ deficiency

A

Hyponatremia

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40
Q

Hyponatremia is not corrected with fluid restriction

A

Barterr’s Syndrome

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41
Q

Systematic error (hemolysis) - dilutional
effect
Hyperproteinemia (Hemoglobin) – plasma
water displacement
Hyperlipidemia

A

Pseudohyponatremia

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42
Q

Major intracellular cation in the body; mostly affected by hemolysis

A

Potassium

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43
Q

Other name for potassium

A

Kalium

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44
Q

Electrode used for ISE of potassium

A

Valinomycin gel membrane

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45
Q

Colorimetric method for potassium

A

Lockhead and Purcell

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46
Q

Reduced aldosterone/response; renal failure; mostly due to impaired renal excretion

A

Hyperkalemia

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47
Q

Most common cause of extrarenal loss

A

Diarrhea

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48
Q

Promotes urinary K+ loss

A

Hypomagnesemia

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49
Q

Common cause of pseudohypokalemia

A

Leukocytosis

50
Q

Cause of urine osmolality less than 300 mOsm/kg

A

Diabetes insipidus

51
Q

Cause of urine osmolality from 300-700 mOsm/kg

A

Partial defect in AVP
Osmotic diuresis

52
Q

Cause of urine osmolality greater than 700 mOsm/kg

A

Loss of thirst
Insensible loss of water
GI loss of hypotonic fluid
Excess intake of sodium

53
Q

Cause of hyponatremia

Renal failure
Nephrotic syndrome
Hepatic cirrhosis
Congestive heart failure

A

Increased Water Retention

54
Q

Causes of hyponatremia

Excess water intake
SIADH
Pseudohyponatremia

A

Water Imbalance

55
Q

Range of sodium in serum/plasma

A

136-145 mmol/L

56
Q

Range of sodium in 24-hour urine

A

40-220 mmol/L

57
Q

Range of sodium in CSF

A

136-150 mmol/L

58
Q

Cause of Hyperkalemia

Oral or IV potassium replacement therapy

A

Increased Intake

59
Q

Cause of Hyperkalemia

Sample hemolysis
Thrombocytosis
Prolonged tourniquet application

A

Artifactual

60
Q

Cause of Hyperkalemia

Acidosis
Leukemia
Hemolysis
Chemotherapy
Muscle/cellular injury

A

Cellular Shift

61
Q

Causes of Hyperkalemia

Acute or chronic renal failure
Hypoaldosteronism
Addison’s disease
Diuretics

A

Decreased Renal Excretion

62
Q

Cause of Hypokalemia

Malabsorption

63
Q

Cause of Hypokalemia

Diuretics
Hyperaldosteronism
Barterr’s Syndrome
Gitelman’s Syndrome
Liddle’s Syndrome

A

Renal Loss

64
Q

Cause of Hypokalemia

Alkalosis
Insulin Overdose

A

Intracellular Shift

65
Q

Range for serum potassium

A

3.5-5.1 mmol/L

66
Q

Range for male plasma potassium

A

3.5-4.5 mmol/L

67
Q

Range for female plasma potassium

A

3.4-4.4 mmol/L

68
Q

Range for urine potassium

A

25-125 mmol/day

69
Q

Major extracellular anion; chief counter ion of Na+ in ECF; only enzyme activator anion

70
Q

What enzyme does chloride activates/

71
Q

What is the mercurimetric titration method for chloride?

A

Schales and Schales

72
Q

Indicator for Schales and Schales method of potassium

A

Diphenylcarbazone

73
Q

End product of Schales and Schales method of potassium

A

HgCl2 (blue-violet)

74
Q

Spectrophotometric methods for chloride

A

Mercuric Thiocyanate (Whitehorn Titration Mtd.)
Ferric Perchlorate

75
Q

Colorimetric Amperometric Titration for chloride

A

Cotlove Chloridometer

76
Q

Electrode used for ISE of chloride

A

Tri-n-octylpropylammonium chloride decanol

77
Q

Exchange of Cl- and HCO3- between plasma
and RBC

A

Chloride shift

78
Q

Metabolic alkalosis due to chloride

A

Hypochloremia

79
Q

Metabolic acidosis due to chloride

A

Hyperchloremia

80
Q

Range of serum/plasma chloride

A

98-107 mmol/L

81
Q

Range of urine chloride

A

110-250 mmol/day

82
Q

Second most abundant anion in the ECF; major component of the buffering system in blood

A

Bicarbonate (HCO-3)

83
Q

Decreased HCO3 – metabolic _ - compensated by _

A

Metabolic acidosis
Hyperventilation

84
Q

Increased HCO3 – metabolic _ - compensated by _

A

Metabolic Alkalosis
CO2 retention

85
Q

Specimen for bicarbonate

A

Anaerobically collected plasma/serum

86
Q

Electrode used for ISE of bicarbonate

A

pCO2 electrode

87
Q

Fourth most abundant cation in the body; second most abundant intracellular ion; treatment for arrhythmia

A

Magnesium (Mg2+)

88
Q

Percentage of free or ionized magnesium

89
Q

Percentage of protein-bound magnesium

90
Q

Percentage of magnesium complexed with ions

91
Q

Increase renal reabsorption & intestinal absorption of magnesium

92
Q

Increase renal excretion of magnesium

A

Aldosterone and Thyroxine

93
Q

Hypo or Hyper

Acute Renal Failure
Malnutrition
Sprue
Chronic alcoholism
Severe diarrhea

A

Hypomagnesemia

94
Q

Hypo or Hyper

Diabetic coma
Addison’s disease
Chronic renal failure

A

Hypermagnesemia

95
Q

What falsely decreases magnesium in sample?

96
Q

Colorimetric methods for magnesium

A

Calmagite Mtd. – reddish-violet (532 nm)
Formazen – colored complex (660nm)
Magnesium – thymol blue

97
Q

Reference method for magnesium

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

98
Q

Dye-Lake method for magnesium uses what color dye?

A

Titan yellow dye (Clayton yellow or
Thiazole yellow)

99
Q

Fifth most abundant ECF cation; maximally absorbed in duodenum at acidic pH

100
Q

Percentage of ionized or active calcium

101
Q

Percentage of protein-bound calcium

102
Q

Percentage of calcium complexed with anions

103
Q

Specific marker of calcium disorders

A

Ionized calcium

104
Q

Regulators for calcium

A

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (Activated Vit D3)
PTH
Calcitonin

105
Q

Hypo or Hyper

Alkalosis
Vitamin D deficiency
Hypoparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia

106
Q

Hypo or Hyper

Hyperparathyroidism
Increased Vitamin D
Acidosis

A

Hypercalcemia

107
Q

Prolonged contact of serum with red cells – _ calcium

108
Q

Precipitation and Redox Titration method for calcium

A

Clark Collip
Ferro Ham Chloranilic Acid

109
Q

End color product of precip and redox titration of calcium

110
Q

Dye used in colorimetric method of calcium

A

Arzeno III

111
Q

Electrode used for ISE of calcium

A

Liquid membrane

112
Q

Reference method for calcium

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

113
Q

EDTA titration methods for calcium

A

Bachra
Dawer
Sobel

114
Q

Inversely related to Ca2+; maximally absorbed in jejunum

A

Inorganic Phosphorus

115
Q

Form of PO4 that is the principal anion within cells

A

Organic PO4

116
Q

Form of PO4 that is a blood buffer

A

Inorganic PO4

117
Q

Regulators of PO4

A

PTH
Calcitonin
Growth hormone

118
Q

Calcium is _ during AM and _ during PM

119
Q

Method of analysis for PO4

A

Fiske-Subbarow (Ammonium molybdate mtd.)

120
Q

Hypo or Hyper

Hyperparathyroidism
Avitaminosis D

A

Hypophosphatemia

121
Q

Hypo or Hyper

Hypoparathyroidism
Hypervitaminosis D

A

Hyperphosphatemia

Clinical Chemistry 2 (7 decks)

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