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Clinical Chemistry 2 > Lecture: Clinically-Significant Enzymes > Flashcards

Lecture: Clinically-Significant Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

Catalyzes the hydrolysis of various phosphoesters at an alkaline pH

A

Alkaline Phosphatase

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2
Q

Activator of ALP

A

Magnesium

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3
Q

What is the EC nomenclature of ALP?

A

EC 3.1.3.1

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4
Q

Most anodal isoenzyme of ALP

A

Liver ALP

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5
Q

Heat labile isoenzyme of ALP

A

Bone ALP

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6
Q

Heat stable isoenzyme of ALP

A

Placental ALP

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7
Q

Least anodal isoenzyme of ALP

A

Intestinal ALP

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8
Q

Rare variant of alkaline phosphatase
(ALP) that is found in some human tumors, particularly in urologic and gonadal cancers

A

Regan isoenzyme

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9
Q

Placental-like alkaline phosphatase
(ALP) that can be found in tumors, including those of the lung, breast, pancreas, and colon; known as germ cell alkaline phosphatase

A

Nagao isoenzyme

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10
Q

_ inhibits intestinal and placental
isoenzymes than the others

A

Phenylalanine

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11
Q

Common method of analysis of ALP; P-nitrophenyl phosphate → (yellow) p-nitrophenol anion; Measured at 405 nm

A

Bowers and McComb method

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12
Q

Beta-glycerophosphate → phenol + inorganic phosphate (via ALP)

A

Kay & Bodansky

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13
Q

Phenylphosphate → phenol + phosphate (via ALP)

A

King Armstrong Method

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14
Q

If residual ALP after heating is < 20% before
heating

A

Bone ALP

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15
Q

If after heating > 20% before heating

A

Liver ALP

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16
Q

Inhibits Nagao ALP

A

L-leucine

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17
Q

The presence of intestinal ALP isoenzyme in serum depends on _ and _

A

The blood group
Secretor status of the individual

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18
Q

A chronic disorder that causes bones to grow larger and become weaker than normal

A

Paget’s disease of bone

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19
Q

Bone mass decreases, but the ratio of bone mineral to bone matrix is normal

A

Osteoporosis

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20
Q

The ratio of bone mineral to bone matrix is low

A

Osteomalacia

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21
Q

Defective mineralization of the growth plate; seen in growing children

A

Rickets

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22
Q

Unmineralized organic tissue that eventually undergoes calcification and is deposited as lamellae or layers in the bone matrix

A

Osteoid

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23
Q

Absence of bone enzyme; hypophosphatemia

A

Inherited Hypophosphatasia

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24
Q

Catalyzes the same reaction made by ALP except that it is active at pH 5.0

A

Acid Phosphatase

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25
Q

EC nomenclature of ACP

A

EC 3.1.3.2

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26
Q

Thymol (measured) + phosphate (via ACP 5.4)

A

Thymolphthalein monophosphate

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27
Q

Inhibits prostatic ACP

A

L -tartrate

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28
Q

Inhibits RBC ACP

A

2% Formaldehyde
0.001M Cupric sulfate

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29
Q

Substrate: p-nitrophenolphosphate
Product: p-nitrophenol

A

Hudson

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30
Q

Substrate: Alpha-naphthylphosphate
Product: alpha- naphthol

A

Babson & Reed

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31
Q

Substrate: Thymolphthalein
monophosphate
Product: Thymolphthalein

A

Roy

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32
Q

Thymol + phosphate (colorless) + alkali → chromogen (measured); continuous monitoring method

A

Nitrophenyl phosphate

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33
Q

Better method presently used for ACP

A

Immunoassay–test for: PSA and P2- PSA

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34
Q

Result of a buildup of certain fatty substances in certain organs, particularly your spleen and liver

A

Gaucher’s Disease

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35
Q

Significance of ALP

A

Biliary tract obstruction by stones
Hepatocellular
Paget’s disease of bone
Osteomalacia
Rickets
Healing of bone fractions

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36
Q

Significance of ACP

A

Metastatic Prostatic Carcinoma
Forensic Clinical Chemistry
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
Paget’s Disease
Cancers of breast with bone metastases
Gaucher’s Disease
Thrombocytopenic purpura

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37
Q

Enzyme to help diagnose Hairy Cell Leukemia

A

Tartrate Resistant ACP (TRAP)

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38
Q

ACP activity which can persist for up to

A

4 days

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39
Q

Also known as Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT); transfer of an amino group between aspartate and ketoacids with the formation of oxaloacetate and glutamate

A

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

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40
Q

L-glutamate + oxaloacetate (via AST)

A

L-aspartate + alpha-ketoglutarate

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41
Q

Malate + NAD+ + H2O (via MDH – malate dehydrogenase)

A

Oxaloacetate + NADH + H

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42
Q

The decrease in NADH concentration – measured at

A

340 nm

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43
Q

Coenzyme in the amino-transfer reactions & produces an increase in aminotransferase activity

A

Pyridoxal-5’-phosphate (P-5’-P) and its amino analogue, pyridoxamine-5’-phosphate

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44
Q

Uses malate dehydrogenase (MD) and
monitors the change in absorbance at 340nm; requires pyridoxal phosphate - coenzyme

A

Karmen

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45
Q

Methods of Analysis for AST

A

Karmen
Wroblewski and LaDue
Henry
Amador and Wacker
IFCC
Bergmeyer et. al

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46
Q

Also known as Serum Glutamate Pyruvate transaminase (SGPT); More liver-specific enzyme

A

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

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47
Q

Also known as Creatine Phosphokinase/ATP-Creatine-N-Phosphotransferase; Catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group between creatine phospate and ADP

A

Creatine Kinase

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48
Q

EC nomenclature of CK

A

EC 2.7.3.2

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49
Q

Brain type; CNS, uterus, lungs, thyroid, and
intestines; associated with CNS disorders; CK1

A

CKBB

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50
Q

Hybrid type; Heart, tongue, esophagus-associated with heart muscle damage; CK2

A

CKMB

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51
Q

Muscle type; major isoenzyme; Heart and Skeletal muscles; CK3

A

CKMM

52
Q

In the sera of healthy persons, _ form is the major isoenzyme

A

CKMM

53
Q

Cardiac tissues contain significant quantities of _

A

CKMB

54
Q

Allow determination of the enzyme activity of the B subunit of CK-MB and CK-BB; inhibits both M subunits of CK-MM and CK-MB

A

Immuno-inhibition technique (Anti-CK-M subunit antiserum)

55
Q

Measure the concentration of
CK-MB using the “sandwich” technique

A

Mass immunoassays

56
Q

The NADPH formed is detected by
observing the _ after excitation by _

A

Bluish-white fluorescence
UV light (360nm)

57
Q

CK Activity is unstable – inactivation can be reversed by the addition of

A

Sulfhydryl compounds such as N-acetyl cystine or mercapto-ethanol

58
Q

Most specific indicator of myocardial damage

A

CKMB

59
Q

Genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness due to the alterations of a protein called dystrophin that helps keep muscle cells intact

A

Duchenne Disorder

60
Q

Hydrogen transfer enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of L-lactate to pyruvate with the mediation of NAD+ as a hydrogen acceptor

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

61
Q

EC nomenclature of LD

A

EC 1.1.1.27

62
Q

Most anodal, myocardium, RBC, brain; HHHH

A

LD1

63
Q

Myocardium and RBC, brain; HHHM

A

LD2

64
Q

Brain and kidney; HHMM

A

LD3

65
Q

Liver, brain, kidney; HMMM

A

LD4

66
Q

Liver and skeletal muscle; MMMM

A

LD5

67
Q

Alcohol dehydrogenase; drug toxicity and obstructive jaundice

A

LD6

68
Q

The major isoenzyme of LD in the sera of
healthy persons

A

LD2

69
Q

Most Anodal/ fastest migration LD

A

LD1

70
Q

Least Anodal LD

A

LD5

71
Q

Myocardial infarction, hemolytic anemia, and renal infarction

A

LD1 > LD2 (Flipped Pattern)

72
Q

A sudden occlusion of a coronary artery by thrombus or by embolization

A

Acute Myocardial Infarction

73
Q

Stroke or transient ischemic attack

A

Cerebrovascular Disease

74
Q

Intermittent claudication (acute localized pain to arms and legs)

A

Peripheral Arterial Disease

75
Q

Aneurysms or dissections

A

Aortic Atherosclerotic Disease

76
Q

Disorder affecting the lumen of the arteries due to plaque buildup

A

Atherosclerosis

77
Q

Disease affecting the walls of the arteries due to aging

A

Arteriosclerosis

78
Q

A small heme protein found in skeletal and cardiac muscles; Earliest cardiac marker

A

Myoglobin

79
Q

Complex regulatory proteins that bind to the thin filaments of cardiac muscles; Regulators of actin and myosin

A

Troponins (Tn)

80
Q

Troponin that contains the binding sites for Ca2+ that help initiate contraction

A

Troponin C

81
Q

Troponin that inhibits the interaction of myosin with actin

A

Troponin I

82
Q

Troponin that binds the troponin components to tropomyosin

A

Troponin T

83
Q

Most important marker for cardiac injury (AMI) – derived from heart muscles

A

TnT and TnI

84
Q

Tropomyosin-binding subunit; Useful for assessment of early and late AMI

A

Troponin T

85
Q

Inhibitory subunit or Actin-binding unit; Gold standard for AMI

A

Troponin I

86
Q

Hydrolase that catalyze breakdown of starch and glycogen; Smallest enzyme; filtered by the glomerulus

A

Amylase

87
Q

EC nomenclature of amylase

A

EC. 3.2.1.1

88
Q

P form is also known as _

A

Amylopsin

89
Q

S form is also known as _

A

Ptyalin

90
Q

Fast migrator isoenzyme of amylase

A

Salivary Amylase

91
Q

Slow migrator isoenzyme of amylase

A

Pancreatic Amylase

92
Q

Measures disappearance of starch and measuring the amount of polysaccharide remaining; A starch-iodine reaction produces a blue iodine inclusion compound with amylose/amylase

A

Amyloclastic

93
Q

Measures the appearance of the
product (reducing sugar) in a fixed time

A

Saccharogenic

94
Q

Measures increasing color from production of product coupled w/ chromogenic dye

A

Chromogenic

95
Q

Defined substrate used in coupled-enzymatic reactions

A

Enzymatic

96
Q

Substrate cleaved by the amylase

A

ethylidene-pNP-G7

97
Q

Substrates of Amylase

A

Maltopentaose
Maltotetraose
4-NP-glycoside
2-chloro-p-nitrophenyl-alpha-d-maltorioside (CNP-G3)

98
Q

Amylase bound to immunoglobulins

A

Macroamylasemia

99
Q

Inflammation of the parotid glands and is the most common inflammation of the major salivary glands

A

Parotitis

100
Q

Increase AMS in urine

A

Pancreatitis

101
Q

Decrease AMS in urine

A

Renal failure

102
Q

Hydrolyses the ester linkages of fats to produce alcohols and fatty acids; the most specific pancreatic marker

A

Lipase

103
Q

EC nomenclature of Lipase

A

EC. 3.1.3.3

104
Q

Reference method of lipase

A

Cherry-Crandall Method

105
Q

Symmetrical triglyceride derived from glycerol and three units of the unsaturated fatty acid oleic acid

A

Triolein

106
Q

Measures directly free fatty acids by titrating with dilute alkali

A

Titrimetric

107
Q

Measures the decrease of light scattering after hydrolysis to mono/diesters

A

Turbidimetric

108
Q

Directly proportional to the LPS activity of the sample

A

Rate of methyl resorufin formation

109
Q

How is lipase measured by spectrophotometric method?

A

Bluish-purple chromophore; peak
absorption at 580 nm

110
Q

Inhibits lipase activity in serum

A

Hemoglobin

111
Q

An enzyme found in the liver that serves most significantly as a marker of substance abuse; Regulates the transport of amino acids across cell membranes by catalyzing the transfer of a glutamyl group from glutathione to a free amino acid

A

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase

112
Q

EC nomenclature of GGT

A

EC 2.3.2.1

113
Q

GGT is measured by?

A

Szasz assay

114
Q

Methods of analysis for GGT

A

Szasz
Rosalki & Tarrow
Orlowski

115
Q

Catalyzes the first step in the hexose monophosphate pathway - conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to 6- phosphogluconate → NADPH

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogrenase

116
Q

EC nomenclature of G6PD

A

EC 1.1.1.49

117
Q

An acute hemolytic syndrome that occurs in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency following the ingestion of fava beans

A

Favism

118
Q

True cholinesterase; red blood cells, lungs, spleen, nerve endings, gray matter of brain

A

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

119
Q

Pseudocholinesterase; liver, pancreas, heart, white matter of brain, serum

A

Acylcholine acylhydrolase (PChE)

120
Q

These 2 enzymes are significant tests for pesticide poisoning (cholinesterase inhibitors) and prolonged apnea after anesthesia

A

Pseudocholinesterase and Cholinesterase

121
Q

An enzyme marker useful in diagnosis of hepatocellular jaundice and hepatobiliary from osseous diseases

A

5-Nucleotidase

122
Q

Responsible for glycolytic breakdown of glucose to lactic acid

A

Aldolase

123
Q

Isoenzyme of aldolase specific to skeletal muscle

A

Aldolase A

124
Q

Isoenzyme of aldolase specific to WBC, liver and kidney

A

Aldolase B

125
Q

Isoenzyme of aldolase specific to brain

A

Aldolase C

Clinical Chemistry 2 (5 decks)

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