Lecture The Token Economy

Question 1

In order for token economics to be implemented, what two conditions must be met?

Answer 1

1. Individuals administering the program must have control over those in the program.
2. People in the program have problem behaviours that need to be changed.

Question 2

Where can token economics be used?

Answer 2

Psychiatric wards, prisons, youth detention programs.

Question 3

Token economics involves the systematic use of conditioned reinforcers called ___.

Answer 3

Tokens.

Question 4

Token economics involves the systematic use of ___ ___ called tokens.

Answer 4

Conditioned reinforcers.

Question 5

What is token economics used for?

Answer 5

To increase desirable behaviours in an education setting or treatment program.

Question 6

Token economics can be used with response cost to…

Answer 6

Decrease undesirable behaviours as well.

Question 7

What is the efficacy of token economics in adequate situations?

Answer 7

80-95%.

Question 8

Do tokens have actual value on their own?

Answer 8

No.

Question 9

Tokens must be relatively ___ to remove if a bad behaviour occurs, or give if a good behaviour occurs.

Answer 9

Easy.

Question 10

The first step in establishing a token economy is…

Answer 10

Identifying and defining target behaviours.

Question 11

What is the second step in establishing a token economy?

Answer 11

Identify the items to use as tokens.

Question 12

What characteristics must tokens have?

Answer 12

Must be easy to deliver and accumulate. Tokens must not be available outside the token economy.

Question 13

What is the third step in establishing a token economy?

Answer 13

Identifying and procuring back-up reinforcers.

Question 14

What are back-up reinforcers?

Answer 14

Reinforcers known to be reinforcing for participants. Best to have a variety. Could be physical, social, or other.

Question 15

After establishing backup reinforcers, what else needs to be decided?

Answer 15

1. Schedule of reinforcement.
2. Token exchange rate.
3. Time and place for exchanging tokens.

Question 16

When organizing response cost, you need to define ___ behaviours, and decide ___ ___ tokens are lost for each behaviour.

Answer 16

Undesirable, how many.

Question 17

When monitoring and evaluating a token economy, which two factors should be considered?

Answer 17

The client’s progress and the staff’s implementation.

Question 18

Preventing token ___ is essential to token economics.

Answer 18

Theft.

Question 19

Presenting tokens ___ after the desirable behaviour is important.

Answer 19

Immediately.

Question 20

Removing tokens ___ after the undesirable behaviour is also important.

Answer 20

Immediately.

Question 21

Pairing tokens with ___ ___ is effective.

Answer 21

Descriptive praise.

Question 22

What is descriptive praise?

Answer 22

Good job for doing ___.

Question 23

Can token economics go on forever?

Answer 23

It is favourable to fade tokens before the client leaves the program.

Question 24

Fading token economics is a short process. True or false?

Answer 24

False, it takes a long time.

Question 25

What is ad-hoc token use?

Answer 25

Tokens used for a specific purpose.

Question 26

What are examples of ad-hoc token use?

Answer 26

Sticker charts, class counters digital tokens, or allowances.

Question 27

Why are ad-hoc tokens used?

Answer 27

Take advantage of conditional reinforcement, immediate reinforcement, ease of using response cost, variety of individualized backup reinforcers, and variety of applicable behaviours.

Question 28

True or false? In ad-hoc token use, the rules are of utmost importance to govern token use (systematic).

Answer 28

True.

Question 29

___ gratification skills should be taught in ad-hoc token use.

Answer 29

Delayed.