Lecture Self-Management

Question 1

Self-management problems include both behavioural ___ and ___.

Answer 1

Excesses and deficits.

Question 2

Self-management problems involve a conflict between:

Answer 2

Short term contingencies and long term consequences.

Question 3

What are 2 behaviours that must be analyzed in self-management?

Answer 3

Target behaviours and alternative behaviours.

Question 4

In self-management, you engage in a ___ behaviour in the present to influence the ___ behaviour in the future (has to do with control).

Answer 4

Controlling, controlled.

Question 5

___ setting is an important part of self-management and self-control.

Answer 5

Goal.

Question 6

Goal setting is important, but the goals that are set must be ___.

Answer 6

Achievable.

Question 7

Antecedents can be manipulated to achieve different self-management goals. When you present SD’s and prompts, EO’s, and decrease the response efforts, you are doing so for ___ behaviours.

Answer 7

Desirable.

Question 8

Antecedents can be manipulated to achieve different self-management goals. When you prevent SD’s and prompts, AO’s, and increase the response efforts, you are doing so for ___ behaviours.

Answer 8

Undesirable.

Question 9

Arranging reinforcers and punishers through close friends and family is a technique called ___ ___ in self-management.

Answer 9

Social support.

Question 10

When you use prompts and reinforcers on yourself in order to achieve self-management, you are engaging in ___ ___ or ___ ___.

Answer 10

Self-instruction, self-praise.

Question 11

List the basic steps in self-management.

Answer 11

Commit, define, set goal, self-monitor, functional assessment, self-manage, evaluate, modify, maintain.

Question 12

What are some reasons that self-management can fail?

Answer 12

Unclear descriptions of antecedents and consequences in functional assessment, unclear description of intervention procedures, procedures aren’t practical, procedures aren’t based on functional assessment information, consequences are too delayed to be effective consequences are too weak or easily short-circuited.

Question 13

Short circuiting the contingency

Answer 13

Occurs when a person arranges a reinforcer for a target behaviour in a self-management project but then takes the reinforcer without first engaging in the target behaviour. Can also be a case of refusing to administer punishment to self.

Question 14

Lack of willpower, studied by Mischel through delayed gratification, correlated with:

Answer 14

• Lower SAT scores.
• Less educational and professional achievement.
• Higher rates of drug use.

Question 15

What were some strategies used by kids who delayed eating the marshmallow?

Answer 15

Used behavioural strategies to distract themselves, asked to use mental self-instructions instead of thinking about reward.

Question 16

What is commonly referred to as willpower?

Answer 16

Self control.

Question 17

Why is referring to self-control as willpower circular logic?

Answer 17

People can have willpower only if they have shown willpower.

Question 18

Willpower describes the ___, not the ___.

Answer 18

Outcome, process.

Question 19

Does willpower tell you why a behaviour is occurring?

Answer 19

No.

Question 20

In temporal self-control, you are asked to choose between a smaller sooner reward (SS) or a larger later reward (LL). This is essentially a conflict between self control and impulsivity. We are built to prefer __ more.

Answer 20

SS.

Question 21

If you delay something, is it less/more subjectively valuable.

Answer 21

Less.

Question 22

We tend to discount the value of something if…

Answer 22

There is a delay to obtain it.

Question 23

Humans are worse at waiting for food than ___.

Answer 23

Chimps.

Question 24

Waiting is improved with ___ instead of food.

Answer 24

Money.

Question 25

What is the value discounting function?

Answer 25

The value (V) is directly related to magnitde (M) and inversely related to delay (D).

Question 26

What is the formula for the value discounting function?

Answer 26

V = M/(1 + KD)

Question 27

Why do people choose SS rewards over LL rewards?

Answer 27

Small but cumulative effects.

Question 28

If the choice of choosing SS rewards every time is so small, why do people tend to choose it every time?

Answer 28

It builds over time, there is difficulty in impulse control, establishing rules for acceptable and unacceptable behaviour is difficult, and relapse handling. can make waiting difficult.

Question 29

Baumeister compared self-control to a ___ ___.

Answer 29

Moral muscle.

Question 30

Baumeister describes self-control as a ___/___ resource.

Answer 30

Limited, depletable.

Question 31

Baumeister concluded that the more often self control is required, the ___ it gets.

Answer 31

Stronger.

Question 32

What does self-control as a moral muscle help explain?

Answer 32

Why some people are better at self-control than others.

Question 33

Why is the self-control as a moral muscle hypothesis outdated?

Answer 33

The brain does suck up a lot of the body’s glucose, so it is reasonable that blood glucose drops in response to exerting self-control.

Question 34

What are several important factors when considering self-control?

Answer 34

• Antecedents and MO’s, including physiological states.
• Importance of the immediate consequences for behaviour.
  Self-control as not just an absence of behaviour, but as an alternate behaviour.

Question 35

What are some simple self-control methods as described by Skinner?

Answer 35

• Physical restraint.
• Deprivation/satiation.
• Distraction.
• DRO.
• Self-reinforcement.
• Self-punishment.
• Shaping.

Question 36

What is the gamefication of self-control?

Answer 36

Creating immediate (if imaginary) reinforcement for behaviour.

Question 37

What is counter control in self-control?

Answer 37

Controlling vs. controlled response. For example, eating before grocery shopping is reinforced by buying less junk food.

Question 38

What conditions can self-management and self-control techniques be used to treat?

Answer 38

• ADHD predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type.
• Substance abuse.
• Impulsive overeating.
• Pathological gambling.

Question 39

Thoughts, intentions, and motivations are ___ of behaviour.

Answer 39

Components.

Question 40

True or false? Willpower are descriptions of behaviour, not explanations for it.

Answer 40

True.

Question 41

What is the clearest way to understand behaviour?

Answer 41

To look at it.

Question 42

Categorize the following as either static or malleable: Traits, behaviour, disorders.

Answer 42

Traits and disorders are static, while behaviour is malleable.

Question 43

Undesirable non-normative behaviours are a result of ___, not character flaws.

Answer 43

Contingencies.