Lecture Self-Management Flashcards
Self-management problems include both behavioural ___ and ___.
Excesses and deficits.
Self-management problems involve a conflict between:
Short term contingencies and long term consequences.
What are 2 behaviours that must be analyzed in self-management?
Target behaviours and alternative behaviours.
In self-management, you engage in a ___ behaviour in the present to influence the ___ behaviour in the future (has to do with control).
Controlling, controlled.
___ setting is an important part of self-management and self-control.
Goal.
Goal setting is important, but the goals that are set must be ___.
Achievable.
Antecedents can be manipulated to achieve different self-management goals. When you present SD’s and prompts, EO’s, and decrease the response efforts, you are doing so for ___ behaviours.
Desirable.
Antecedents can be manipulated to achieve different self-management goals. When you prevent SD’s and prompts, AO’s, and increase the response efforts, you are doing so for ___ behaviours.
Undesirable.
Arranging reinforcers and punishers through close friends and family is a technique called ___ ___ in self-management.
Social support.
When you use prompts and reinforcers on yourself in order to achieve self-management, you are engaging in ___ ___ or ___ ___.
Self-instruction, self-praise.
List the basic steps in self-management.
Commit, define, set goal, self-monitor, functional assessment, self-manage, evaluate, modify, maintain.
What are some reasons that self-management can fail?
Unclear descriptions of antecedents and consequences in functional assessment, unclear description of intervention procedures, procedures aren’t practical, procedures aren’t based on functional assessment information, consequences are too delayed to be effective consequences are too weak or easily short-circuited.
Short circuiting the contingency
Occurs when a person arranges a reinforcer for a target behaviour in a self-management project but then takes the reinforcer without first engaging in the target behaviour. Can also be a case of refusing to administer punishment to self.
Lack of willpower, studied by Mischel through delayed gratification, correlated with:
- Lower SAT scores.
- Less educational and professional achievement.
- Higher rates of drug use.
What were some strategies used by kids who delayed eating the marshmallow?
Used behavioural strategies to distract themselves, asked to use mental self-instructions instead of thinking about reward.
What is commonly referred to as willpower?
Self control.
Why is referring to self-control as willpower circular logic?
People can have willpower only if they have shown willpower.
Willpower describes the ___, not the ___.
Outcome, process.
Does willpower tell you why a behaviour is occurring?
No.
In temporal self-control, you are asked to choose between a smaller sooner reward (SS) or a larger later reward (LL). This is essentially a conflict between self control and impulsivity. We are built to prefer __ more.
SS.
If you delay something, is it less/more subjectively valuable.
Less.
We tend to discount the value of something if…
There is a delay to obtain it.
Humans are worse at waiting for food than ___.
Chimps.
Waiting is improved with ___ instead of food.
Money.
What is the value discounting function?
The value (V) is directly related to magnitde (M) and inversely related to delay (D).
What is the formula for the value discounting function?
V = M/(1 + KD)
Why do people choose SS rewards over LL rewards?
Small but cumulative effects.
If the choice of choosing SS rewards every time is so small, why do people tend to choose it every time?
It builds over time, there is difficulty in impulse control, establishing rules for acceptable and unacceptable behaviour is difficult, and relapse handling. can make waiting difficult.
Baumeister compared self-control to a ___ ___.
Moral muscle.
Baumeister describes self-control as a ___/___ resource.
Limited, depletable.
Baumeister concluded that the more often self control is required, the ___ it gets.
Stronger.
What does self-control as a moral muscle help explain?
Why some people are better at self-control than others.
Why is the self-control as a moral muscle hypothesis outdated?
The brain does suck up a lot of the body’s glucose, so it is reasonable that blood glucose drops in response to exerting self-control.
What are several important factors when considering self-control?
- Antecedents and MO’s, including physiological states.
- Importance of the immediate consequences for behaviour.
Self-control as not just an absence of behaviour, but as an alternate behaviour.
What are some simple self-control methods as described by Skinner?
- Physical restraint.
- Deprivation/satiation.
- Distraction.
- DRO.
- Self-reinforcement.
- Self-punishment.
- Shaping.
What is the gamefication of self-control?
Creating immediate (if imaginary) reinforcement for behaviour.
What is counter control in self-control?
Controlling vs. controlled response. For example, eating before grocery shopping is reinforced by buying less junk food.
What conditions can self-management and self-control techniques be used to treat?
- ADHD predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type.
- Substance abuse.
- Impulsive overeating.
- Pathological gambling.
Thoughts, intentions, and motivations are ___ of behaviour.
Components.
True or false? Willpower are descriptions of behaviour, not explanations for it.
True.
What is the clearest way to understand behaviour?
To look at it.
Categorize the following as either static or malleable: Traits, behaviour, disorders.
Traits and disorders are static, while behaviour is malleable.
Undesirable non-normative behaviours are a result of ___, not character flaws.
Contingencies.
