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J - PSYCO 282 (2/2) > Lecture Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures > Flashcards

Lecture Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

Fear is composed of ___ and ___ behaviour.

A

Operant, respondent.

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2
Q

How is fear composed of operant behaviour?

A

Involves escape and avoidance responses in the feared situation.

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3
Q

How is fear composed of respondent behaviour?

A

Involves the bodily responses involved in autonomic arousal.

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4
Q

Operant behaviour may also include fear-related ___ ___.

A

Self-talk.

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5
Q

Anxiety is like fear of…

A

Fear itself.

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6
Q

Anxiety is a label for the…

A

Respondent behaviours involved in autonomic arousal.

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7
Q

Anxiety is an EO for…

A

Escape behaviour.

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8
Q

True or false? Rationing with a person with anxiety works.

A

False.

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9
Q

Why doesn’t rationalizing with a person suffering from anxiety work?

A

Just because you rationalize the operant behaviour, does not mean you actually change the underlying fear.

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10
Q

What is the respondent behaviour that occurs when you have a fear of bees and you see bees?

A

Rapid heart rate, increased muscle tension and other bodily responses elicited by the sight of a bee.

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11
Q

What is the operant behaviour that occurs when you have a fear of bees and you see a bee?

A

Running away from a bee or avoiding open fields.

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12
Q

What are the components of a phobia?

A
  • Biological predisposition.
  • Initial exposure (US).
  • Conditioned anxiety (CR).
  • Observational learning.
  • Generalization.
  • Fear escape/avoidance response.
  • Maintenance by avoidance.
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13
Q

True or false? Phobias can be instilled by observing parents.

A

True.

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14
Q

What is a specific phobia?

A

Any kind of anxiety disorder that amounts to an unreasonable or irrational fear related to exposure to specific objects or situations.

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15
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Not wanting to go outside, not wanting to be in crowds, not wanting to be in open spaces. Often associated with panic disorders, not anxiety disorders.

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16
Q

People with agoraphobia often avoid situations where they might have a panic attack, because…

A

They are anxious of having a panic attack.

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17
Q

What is a social phobia?

A

Milder than agoraphobia, some believe that agoraphobes start out as social phobics. More about being afraid of having interactions with people.

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18
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

A

An anxiety disorder that is characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry, that is, apprehensive expectation about events or activities.

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19
Q

What is OCD?

A

They feel anxious about the obsessive thoughts. Feel strong anxiety about normal thoughts, and perpetuate. Tend not to have obsessions, avoid anxiety by completing compulsions before obsessions set in.

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20
Q

What is acute stress disorder?

A

Something that can be diagnosed within the first month of a traumatic event.

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21
Q

What is PTSD?

A

A more long-term, extreme reaction to a traumatic event. Often associated with non-contingent punishment, which is traumatic events that occur with no predictability.

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22
Q

All procedures for fear and anxiety reduction involve teaching skills to produce ___.

A

Relaxation.

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23
Q

Relaxation training makes use of ___ responses.

A

Incompatible.

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24
Q

What is progressive muscle relaxation?

A

Tensing and relaxing each muscle group in the body until a more relaxed state is achieved.

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25
Q

How is progressive muscle relaxation first implemented?

A

Initially therapist-led with prompts.

26
Q

What is diaphragmatic breathing?

A

Focus on deep, slow, rhythmic breathing to produce relaxation.

27
Q

When using diaphragmatic breathing, which muscle group are you using instead of which muscle group?

A

Belly (diaphragm) instead of chest (intercostal).

28
Q

___ breathing is associated with autonomic arousal.

A

Shallow.

29
Q

What are attention focusing exercises?

A

Exercises that focus attention on neutral words or images to remove attention from anxiety producing thoughts/images.

30
Q

What are some examples of attention focusing exercises?

A

Guided imagery, hypnosis, meditation.

31
Q

What is behavioural relaxation training?

A

Getting them to assume relaxed postures in all parts of the body.

32
Q

Fear reduction procedures used are all forms of ___ ___.

A

Graded desensitization.

33
Q

What is systematic desensitization?

A

Replace anxiety with relaxation as the person imagines the fear situation.

34
Q

Relaxation should generalize to…

A

The actual fear situation.

35
Q

In systematic desensitization, are you actually in the situations?

A

No.

36
Q

Why does systematic desensitization work?

A

Because it is not the actual stimulus that is the problem, but rather it is their catastrophizing mindset.

37
Q

What is in vivo desensitization?

A

Systematic desensitization with non-imagined stimuli.

38
Q

It is key that the person maintains ___ while approaching the actual feared stimulus in in vivo desensitization.

A

Relaxation.

39
Q

What are 2 variations of in vivo desensitization?

A

Contact desensitization or participant modelling.

40
Q

What is contact desensitization?

A

When the therapist provides reassuring physical contact as the person progresses through the hierarchy.

41
Q

What is participant modelling?

A

When the therapist models the correct behaviour and then helps the client maintain it.

42
Q

What is flooding?

A

Client is exposed to the feared stimulus at full intensity until fear subsides.

43
Q

What is flooding based on?

A

Respondent extinction.

44
Q

What is respondent extinction?

A

Continuous exposure to conditioned stimuli without unconditioned stimuli results in an extinguished conditioned response.

45
Q

Is flooding used with intense phobias?

A

No.

46
Q

What is a potential problem with flooding?

A

The possibility of medical complications.

47
Q

True or false? Desensitization is effective only sometimes.

A

False, desensitization is highly effective.

48
Q

True or false? Desensitization is a quick process.

A

False, desensitization is slow.

49
Q

What are the 3 steps in conducting systematic desensitization?

A
  1. Create a hierarchy.
  2. Teach relaxation skills.
  3. Progress through the hierarchy.
50
Q

When creating a hierarchy of fear production situations, how are they ordered?

A

From least to most fear producing.

51
Q

How are items rated in creating a hierarchy of fear producing situations?

A

Subjective Units of Discomfort Scale (SUDS).

52
Q

What is in vivo exposure a hybrid of?

A

A hybrid of flooding and in vivo desensitization.

53
Q

What is in vivo exposure?

A

When the client approaches feared situation until anxiety is near-unendurable, then remain there until anxiety fades.

54
Q

How can virtual procedures be used for desensitization?

A

Use of VR and other technologies make desensitization more realistic and flooding more controlled.

55
Q

What are some potential barriers to virtual procedures?

A

The up-front cost for hardware and software.

56
Q

What is aversion therapy?

A

Where fear/anxiety reduction uses respondent extinction paired with relaxation.

57
Q

Aversion therapy reduces the attractiveness of a desired event by…

A

Pairing it with an aversive event.

58
Q

Aversion therapy is only effective when…

A

Used with relapse prevention training.

59
Q

What is emetic treatment?

A

Uses taste aversion conditioning, where alcohol is paired with a nauseant. Can also be used in smokers, where you administer rapid smoking.

60
Q

Most behaviours are comprised of ___ and ___ behaviours.

A

Respondent, operant.

61
Q

What are the two dovetailing behavioural approaches to altering behaviour?

A

Changing conditioned responses, and altering the antecedents and consequences of behaviour.

J - PSYCO 282 (2/2) (8 decks)

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