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Zoology > lecture test 5 > Flashcards

lecture test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

heterochrony

A

evolutionary change in the relative time of appearance or rate of development of characteristics from ancestor descendant

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2
Q

paedomorphosis

A

retention of ancestral juvenile features in later stages of the ontogeny of descendants

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3
Q

function of endostyle

A

secretes mucus that traps small food particles brought into the pharyngeal slits

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4
Q

what organ is derived from the endostyle

A

thyroid gland

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5
Q

describe hemichordata

A

worm like, acorn worm, ciliated, complete digestive system, long and circ muscles, marine, free living

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6
Q

why is a hemichordate not placed in chordate

A

only contains gill slits and notochord

notochord more like stomochord not homologous to notochord

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7
Q

what defines developmental patterns

A

sequence of events

length of each stage

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8
Q

heterochrony

A

change in timing

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9
Q

define chordata

A

contains all five characteristics

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10
Q

craniate

A

bony or cartilaginous cranium surrounding brain

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11
Q

gnathastomata

A

jawed

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12
Q

vertebrae

A

bony structure

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13
Q

whats the list of ancestral to derived of chordate features

A

chordata, craniate, agnatha, vertebrae, gnathastomata

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14
Q

endochondral bone is

A

bone that replaces cartilage

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15
Q

ostracoderms

A

vertebrates, no jaws, bony sheild like plates, numerous but very small teeth, no paired fins

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16
Q

placoderm

A

vertebrates, articulated jaws, armored more than ostracoderms, paired appendages, pelvic and pectoral

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17
Q

acanthodians

A

vertebrates, jawed, loss of bony plates, replaced with dermal structures that resemble shark dermal dentacles

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18
Q

homocercal tail

A

tail equal on both sides, in bony fish, more derived

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19
Q

heterocercal tail

A

not even tails, larger on one side, more ancestral, sharks

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20
Q

diphycercal caudal fin

A

lobe finned fish

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21
Q

placoid scales

A

heavy larger and thicker, most ancestral

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22
Q

ganoid scales

A

romboidal, thick center and thinner edges

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23
Q

ctenoid scales

A

derived, circle with one side of jagged edge

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24
Q

cycloid scale

A

derived, round with thickness in center, circular structure in middle

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25
Q

label scales from ancestral to derived

A

placoid, ganoid, ctenoid, cycloid, no scaled

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26
Q

physostomous

A

tube connecting swim bladder to esophagus

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27
Q

physoclistous

A

gases diffuse into and out of the blood stream through rete merabile and ovale

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28
Q

why is counter current exchange more efficient in diffusion

A

maintain opposite flow so a concentration gradient is kept for a greater distance resulting in a more efficient exchange

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29
Q

how do fish hear

A

using webbarian ossicles that are little bones adjacent to the swim bladder, pick up vibrations from swim bladder and transmit to brain which becomes auditory

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30
Q

hyperosmostic regulation

A

high solute conc inside fish, water goes into fish and salt comes out, fresh water fish, void excess water in dilute urine, in gills there are special cells that absorb salt

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31
Q

hypo-osomotic regulation

A

low solute conc in fish, water exits and salt goes in, saltwater fish, gills have salt secretory cells, to replace water loss, animal drinks salt water, additional salts can be placed in intestine and excreted with feces

32
Q

ecototherm

A

having a body temp derived from heat aqcuired from environment

33
Q

endothermi

A

having a body temp determined by heat derived from animals own oxidative metabolism

34
Q

defining features of amphibia

A

sensory organs move to head, respiration used as cutaneous gills and lungs, eyelids and glands, chromatophores, flattened skulls and pelvic girdle, legs are place out to the side of body, three chambered heart,ectothermic

35
Q

heart features

A

atria and ventricle, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, introduce double circulation

36
Q

anapsid

A

no openings behind eye orbits

37
Q

diapsid

A

2 openings behind eye orbits

38
Q

synapsid

A

single opening behind eye orbits

39
Q

what are the modifications of the skull in birds

A

fusion of bones, loss of certain bones, hollowing out of bones

40
Q

what bones did birds lose

A

phalanges of forearm

41
Q

what fusion of bones of birds

A

pygostyle, and synosacrum

42
Q

what is the keel

A

elaboration of bone to create a larger area for attachment

43
Q

what are feathers made of

A

keratin

44
Q

down feathers

A

insulating

45
Q

countour feathers

A

flight feathers, larger category

46
Q

filoplume feathers

A

degenerate feathers

47
Q

what are the structures in a feather

A

barb with barbules that look like hooks, calamus, rachis, vane

48
Q

do birds have teeth

A

no, keratinized sheeth over jaw

49
Q

do birds have a bladder

A

no

50
Q

do birds have sweat glands

A

no

51
Q

what digestive features do birds have

A

crop, stomach which is made of proventriculous and gizzard, moves to intestine then coaca

52
Q

what about respiration in birds

A

no diaphragm, one lung, multiple distinct air sacs located throughout body located anteriorly and posteriorly

53
Q

what are some derived features in mammals

A

heterodont, secondary palate, turbinate bones in nasal cavity, diaphragm, modifications of skull to create bones for hearing

54
Q

what are the hearing bones

A

malleus, stapes, and incus

55
Q

monotremes

A

oviparous, egg laying

56
Q

marsupalia

A

transient placenta, live embryonic young emerge and migrate to pouch like structure, milk glands become source of nutrition, embryo completes development in marsupian

57
Q

eutheria

A

viviparous, create true placenta, endothermic, hair, sweat, oil, scent and milk glands

58
Q

where are horns found

A

both male and female

59
Q

what is made up of horns

A

keratin layer that surrounds underlying bone

60
Q

growth and do they fall off? horns

A

grow continously and never fall off

61
Q

horns branched?

A

no

62
Q

where are antlers found

A

males

63
Q

what is made up of antlers

A

new bone is created underneath, vascularized tissue

64
Q

growth and do they fall off? antlers

A

seasonal growth, they do fall off and are replaced

65
Q

antlers branched

A

yes

66
Q

significance of secondary palate

A

separates oral from nasal cavity, and allows breathing and chewing at same time

67
Q

homodont

A

teeth all the same

68
Q

heterodont

A

differences in teeth

69
Q

what is the evolutionary line in mammals

A

synapsids, pelycosaurus, therapsids, cynodonts, mammalia

70
Q

what are vibrissae

A

ennervated hairs

71
Q

another name for coat

A

pelage

72
Q

a pelage is made of

A

under hairs and guard hairs

73
Q

what are underhairs

A

insulation

74
Q

what are guard hairs

A

protective, coloration

75
Q

functions of hairs

A

cryptic coloration, insulating effect, predator difference, temp regulation but also cooling

76
Q

growth in hair follicle

A

new cells develop at blood vessel at base of hair, pushes keratinized cells towards end of hair

77
Q

function of diaphragm muscle

A

loss of lumbar ribs, helps chest cavity volume increase and decrease

Zoology (7 decks)

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