Lecture Test 3 Flashcards
Group of bony fishes that have muscular fins supported by rod-shaped bones
Lobe-finned fishes
Group of vertebrate chordates that have skin covered in scales, produce eggs with a leathery shell, and are ectothermic
Reptiles
Only one line divides an organism into equal or mirrored halves
Bilateral Symmetry
Group of animals that have organs, bilateral symmetry, long narrow and round bodies, pseudocoeloms, and a cuticle. No cephalization
Phylum Nematoda
Group of animals that have organ systems, bilateral symmetry, pharyngeal slits, notochord, hollow nerve cord, and a postanal tail
Phylum Chordata
Organisms that have a body with all three germ layers and a body cavity that is partially lined with mesoderm
Pseudocoelomates
Group of vertebrate chordates that have a skull, but lack jaws and fins and feed using an oral disc and include hagfish and lampreys
Jawless fish
Organisms that lack a backbone
Invertebrates
Group of arthropods that have many pairs of legs and feeding appendages and most have two paired antennae
Crustaceans
Group of bony fishes that have fins lined with hardened rays and have a swim bladder and operculum
Ray-finned fish
Group of invertebrate chordates that are free swimming filter feeders
Lancelets
Group of vertebrate chordates that have skull, jaws, fins, and tail to control movement, and a flexible skeleton made of cartilage
Cartilaginous Fish
Group of vertebrate chordates that have feathers and wings, legs covered in scales, and are endothermic
Birds
Organisms that have a body with all three germ layers but no body cavity except the gut
Acoelomates
Group of vertebrate chordates that have a skull, jaws, fins and tail to control movement, and a rigid skeleton made of bone
Bony Fish
Group of animals that have organ systems, bodies are enclosed by a hard skeleton of spiny plates, and most use tube feet to move
Phylum Echinodermata
Organisms that maintain a body temperature independent of the environment
Endothermic
Group of animals that have organ systems, bilateral symmetry, are eucoelomates, bodies have a mantle, and feed using a radula
Phylum Mollusca
Structure in bony fish that forms a flap over the gills to circulate water
Operculum
Any line that divides an organisms into equal or mirrored halves
Symmetry
Group of mammals that have a long gestation in the uterus and a short lactation and include primates, rodents, bears, cats, and dogs
Placental
Group of arthropods that have four pairs of walking legs, specialized mouthparts, lack antennae, and are predators
Arachnids
Group of animals that have organs, bilateral symmetry, are acoelomates, and are hermaphroditic
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Group of animals that have organ systems, bilateral symmetry, segmented bodies, jointed appendages, and an exoskeleton
Phylum Arthropoda
Group of animals that lack tissues, are asymmetrical, and have a body that consists of a hollow tube or canals with pores in their walls. Filter feeders
Phylum Porifera
Group of arthropods that have long segmented bodies with one pair of legs per body segement
Centipedes
Organisms that are multicellular heterotrophs that have the ability to move at some stage in their life cycle
Animals
Group of mammals that lay eggs and produce milk that is secreted through the skin, and include platypus and echidnas
Monotremes
Group of arthropods that have long segmented bodies with two pairs of legs per body segment
Millipedes
Group of animals that have tissues, radial symmetry, are carnivores, and have a body form that is a polyp or medusa.
Phylum Cnidaria
Group of mammals that have a short gestation and a long lactation in a pouch and include koalas and kangaroos
Marsupials
Why aren’t Koalas considered bears?
Because they don’t have the Koala-fications 🤣
Group of vertebrate chordates that have a skull, thin moist skin, four angled limbs, produce eggs that lack shells, and are ectothermic
Amphibians
Many lines divide an organism into equal or mirrored halves
Radial Symmetry
Organisms that have a backbone
Vertebrates
Group of vertebrate chordates that have hair, mammary glands, and are endotherms
Mammals
Structure in bony fish that inflates and deflates to change the organisms’ depth in water. Helps to maintain buoyancy
Swim bladder
Group of arthropods that have three pairs of walking legs, one pair of antennae, and many have two pairs of wings, have different life stages (metamorphosis)
Insects
No lines that divides an organism into equal or mirrored halves present
Asymmetrical
Group of animals that have organ systems, bilateral symmetry, long segmented bodies, and are eucoelomates, first to have cardiovascular/circulatory system
Phylum Annelida
Group of invertebrate chordates that are stationary filter feeders
Tunicates
Organisms that have a body temperature that fluctuates with the environment
Ectothermic
Organisms that have a body with all three germ layers and a body cavity that is completely lined by mesoderm
Eucoelomates
Characteristics of Animals
Heterotrophs, Multicellular, ability to move
Sponges are what Phylum?
Porifera
What is this phylum
Cnidaria
Polyp form example: hydra, coral, sea anemone
Medusa form example: jellyfish
Flatworms are what phylum?
Platyhelminths
Acoelomate
Common in Platyhelminths
Hermaphroditic
Organisms that have both male and female reproductive organs in one individual
Ex: Platyhelminths like tapeworms that can self fertilize 🤮
What phylum are Roundworms?
Includes also pinworms and Trichinella
Nematoda
Pseudocoeloms
Common in Nematoda
What phylum are Segmented worms?
Annelida
Common in all phylum past Annelida (Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordate)
Segmentation
Division of the body along its length into a series of repeated units.
Allows for greater flexibility and more complex movement.
Ex: Annelida- Segmented Worms
What is this phylum
Mollusca
What is this phylum
Arthropods
What are the 4 groups of Arthropods?
Arachnids, Crustaceans, Insects, Millipedes/Centipedes
Spiders, Crabs, Bees, and Centipedes belong to what Phylum?
Arthropoda
What is this phylum?
Echinodermata
What are the two groups found in Chordata?
Invertebrate chordates and Vertebrate chordates
Be able to label this without a word bank
grooves located just behind the mouth that filters food particles from the water
Pharyngeal slits
Flexible rod that gives support along the length of the back and provides attachment sites for muscles.
For some chordates, this turns into the vertebrae
Notochord
Hollow tube that runs along the dorsal surface of the back and provides muscle stimulation.
Gives rise to the nervous system, allow organisms to react to environment. For some organisms it can turn into spinal cord
Hollow nerve cord
Extends backward from the anus and is used for locomotion.
Some organisms have this their entire lives, used for climbing and balance.
Postanal tail
What type of chordates lack a skull and backbone.
Ex: Lancelets and Tunicates
Invertebrate chordates
What are the 5 groups of vertebrates chordates?
Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
What do vertebrate chordates have that invertebrates dont?
Endoskeleton that includes backbone and skull
What kind of jawless fish have a skull but lack a backbone?
What kind has a skull and backbone?
Hagfish have a skull but no backbone
Lampreys have a skull and backbone
What type of fish have flexible skeletons made of cartilage? Give examples
Cartilaginous fish.
Ex: sharks and rays
What kind of fish have a rigid skeleton made of bone? Give examples
Bony fish.
Ex: Ray-finned and Lobe-finned
Rod-shaped bones of lobe-finned fish are _________ to amphibian limb bones
(homologous or analogous)
Rod-shaped bones of lobe-finned fish are HOMOLOGOUS (similar) to amphibian limb bones
What group of vertebrate chordates have both aquatic and terrestrial adaptations?
Amphibians like salamanders and frogs
What are the aquatic and terrestrial adaptations of amphibians?
Aquatic: eggs lack shells and must remain in water. Many have gills during juvenile stage
Terrestrial: Four angled limbs, use lungs and skin for gas exchange, ectothermic
Unlike amphibians, retiles can only use _____ for gas exchange.
Unlike amphibians, retiles can only use LUNGS for gas exchange. Amphibians can use mucous covered skin as adults or gills when juvenile.
What are the 3 groups of mammals
Monotremes, Marsupials, Placental
________ is the only phyla that is Asymmetrical
________ is the only phyla that has Radial symmetry
All other phyla have __________
The exception to know is _______
PORIFERA (SPONGES) is the only phyla that is Asymmetrical
CNIDARIA is the only phyla that has Radial symmetry
All other phyla have BILATERAL SYMMETRY
Echinodermata is an exception: larvae are bilateral, adult are radial
What are the 9 phyla in the animalia kingdom?
Hint: PCP, Narcotics, And Marijuana Are Excellent Choices
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata
What are the three fundamental challenges all animals face?
Obtain nutrients and oxygen
Fight off infection
Produce offspring
List the 11 major organ systems
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
Cells that bind neurons together, nourishes them, and influences the electrical activity of the neurons
Neuroglia
Organ system used to defend the body against invaders
Lymphatic system
Level or organization where tissues are assembled into functional units
organ level
Major tissue that covers the body surfaces and lines body cavities
Epithelial tissue
Underlying connective tissue to which membranes of epithelial cells are attached
Basement membrane
Noncellular material that separates the cells and varies from solid (bone), semifluid (cartilage), to fluid (blood); contains protein fibers
Extracellular fluid
Organ system used to regulate blood volume and composition
Urinary system
organ system used for movement of the skeleton
Muscular system
Level of organization where cells are grouped together and perform their common functions as a highly coordinated unit.
Tissue level
Organ system used for the movement of blood
Cardiovascular system
Not controlled by nervous system like most other systems
Primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation that maintains a normal range rather than a fixed value.
Provides stability to return us to “set point”
Negative feedback
Organ system used for short term regulation of other body systems. Composed of neurons that use neurotransmitters to communicate across a synaptic cleft
Nervous system
Level of organization where different organs operate together to perform a specific funtion
Organ system level
Study of the natural form of the body
Anatomy
Major tissue that receives stimuli and conducts nerve impluses
Nervous tissue
Organ system that functions in gas exchange
Respiratory system
Organ system that functions in protection and thermoregulation
Integumentary system
This includes hair and nails
Process that maintains the internal constancy of cells by adjusting physiological systems to preserve balance
Homeostatic regulation
Specialized cells that generate and conduct electrical events to stimulate neurons muscles, and glands
Neurons
Organ system used for the breakdown and absorption of nutrient molecules
Digestive system
Level of organization where cells demonstrate a division of labor, but do not perform a specific collective function
Cellular level
Major tissue that moves the body and its parts
Muscular tissue
Three types are smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
Organ systems that secrete regulatory hormones for a long term response.
Composted of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
Endocrine system
Major tissue that binds and supports body parts
Connective tissue
The study of how the body functions normally
Physiology
Organ system used to transmit genetic information to future generations
Reproductive system
Organ system used for movement and support
Skeletal system
Accelerates a process to completion and occurs with childbirth, lactation, and stressful or potentially dangerous processes
Increases variation until completion-Fight or flight response
Positive feedback
What are the levels of organization
Atom-Molecule-Organelle-Cell-Tissue-Organ-Organ System-Organism
What is the first level of organization capable of sustaining life?
Cellular
Ex: Phyla Porifera are made of cells, not tissues or organs
Integumentary –
Skeletal –
Muscular –
Nervous –
Endocrine –
Integumentary – protection and thermal regulation
Skeletal – movement and support
Muscular – movement of the skeleton
Nervous – regulation of other body systems
Endocrine – secretes regulatory hormones
Cardiovascular –
Lymphatic –
Respiratory –
Digestive –
Urinary –
Reproductive –
Cardiovascular – movement of blood
Lymphatic – defends the body against invaders
Respiratory – gas exchange
Digestive – break down and absorb nutrients
Urinary – regulation of blood volume and composition
Reproductive – transmits genetic information to future generations
What are the four tissues of the organ system?
Epithelial- lines body cavities
Connective- supports body parts
Muscle - moves the body
Nervous- receives stimuli and conducts impulses
Epithelial tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
What are the two ways epithelial tissue is organized?
By shape and by layers
Ex: layers can be simple, pseudostratified, or stratified. Shapes can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar.
Squamous cells
Main function is protection. Found in air sacs of the lungs, ducts and bladder
Cuboidal cells
Main function is the absorption of molecules such as water, minerals, urea, Found on ovaries, kidney tubues, salivary glands, sweat glands, pancreas
Columnar cells
Main function is the absorption of nutrients such as fats, sugars, and proteins. Found in digestive tract, parts of the eye, pharynx, anus, uterus, urethra
Pseudostratified cells
Main function is to sweep away impurities such as dust from airways. Found in respiratory passageways.
What are the four types of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
What type of connective tissue consists of cells called chondrocytes surrounded by a semisolid extracellular fluid that provides some flexibility to the tissue?
Cartilage
What type of connective tissue consists of protein fibers scattered in the extracellular fluid?
Connective tissue proper
What type of connective tissue consist of cells called osteocytes that is surrounded by a hard extracellular fluid that provides support for tissues, movement, and protection for internal organs
Bone
What type of connective tissue consists of cells suspended in an extracellular fluid called plasma that are contained within blood vessels that transport nutrients and oxygen to tissues and gathers waste and carbon dioxide to be expelled from the body
Blood
What are the three types of muscular tissue?
Skeletal- multinucleated, voluntary, moves body
Cardiac- uninucleated, involuntary, pump the heart
Smooth- uninucleated, involuntary, moves food through digestive tract and blood through vessels
The ______ system and ______ system work together to preserve homeostasis by coordinating and regulating the activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
The NERVOUS system and ENDOCRINE system work together to preserve homeostasis by coordinating and regulating the activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
The nervous system is organized for _______, _______ responses
The endocrine system is organized for _______, _________ responses
The nervous system is organized for IMMEDIATE, SHORT responses
The endocrine system is organized for SLOW, PROLONGED responses
What is the most abundant chemical substance in the body?
Water
All living organisms require what 5 things to survive?
Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure
________ is balance and allows us to sense and react to stimuli. Cells maintain a balance in water, pH, and salinity. Failure will lead to death or illness
Homeostatis
Which phyla has: bilateral symmetry, segmentation, jointed appendages, and an exoskeleton
Arthropoda
Which phyla has: pharyngeal slits, notochord, hollow nerve cord, and postanal tail?
Chordates
Which phyla has: Bilateral symmetry, mantle, radula, and have a body with a foot or tentacles
Mollusca
Which phyla has: asymmetry, lack tissues, sessile, and the body resembles a sac with pores?
Porifera
Which phyla has: organs, bilateral symmetry, segmentation, elongated bodies, and are eucoleomates
Annelida
Which phyla has: organs, bilateral symmetry, cuticle, and are pseudocoelomates
Nematoda
Which phyla has: cells organized into tissues, radial symmetry, and stinging tentacles
Cnidaria
Which phyla has: bilateral and radial symmetry, tube feet, and the body is covered in spiny plates
Echinodermata
Which phyla has: organs, bilateral symmetry, acoelomates, and are hermaphroditic
Platyhelminths
Anatomy is the study of ______ and physiology is the study of ________
Form/function
What level of organization contains two or more types of tissues working together?
organ
What major organ system directs immediate responses to stimuli?
Nervous
What major organ system eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products?
Urinary
What major tissue type covers body surfaces and lines body cavities?
Epithelial
What type of muscle tissue consists of parallel cells that are multinucleated and is under voluntary control to move the body?
Skeletal
The presence of a stable environment inside the body that is vital to an organisms survival is known as what?
Homeostasis
Peripheral nerves that branch from the spinal cord to control the body except the head, neck and faical regions
Spinal nerves
Cells that are mobile and phagocytize foreign material and cellular waste and debris around neurons
Found in CNS and protects it from pathogens, can move
Microglia
Serves as insulators, speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses, and aids in nerve regeneration
Myelin sheaths
Small gaps of an axon that are not wrapped in myelin and are used to produce nerve impulses
Nodes
part of the central nervous system that receives sensory information and allows animals to modify their behavior
Brain
Cells that transmit nerve impulses between parts of the nervous system
Neurons
Cells that form a myelin sheath around peripheral axons and shield myelinated and unmelinated axons from interstitial fluids
Schwann cells
Type of neurons that take nerve impulses away fro mthe central nervous system to an effector
Motor neurons
Major division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
Cells that regulate the external environment of neurons and ependymal cells and maintains the blood brain barrier
Most abundant neuroglial cells in the CNS
Astrocytes
Regions of the nervous system dominated by unmyelinated axons where the axons are short. Considered “thin” axon
Ex: Brain. Stimulus does not have to travel very far
Gray matter
Body system that monitors internal and external changes and processes and interprets sensory input and decides what to do
Nervous System
Part of the neuron that is a long extension that conducts action potential impulses away from the cell body
Axon
Part of the central nerovous system that provides a means of communication between the brain and the peripheral nerves
Spinal cord
Epithelial cells which line the fluid filled passageways within the brain ventricles and the spinal cord central canal
Produces and monitors cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Ependymal cells
Type of neurons that lie entirely within the central nervous system that sums up information
Interneurons
Part of the neuron that forms short extension that receive and transmit graded electrochemical impulses to the cell body
Dendrites
Regions of the nervous system dominated by myelinated axons
Whtie matter
Cells that stabilize the position of axons by producing myelin sheaths in the central nervous system
Increases the conduction speed of action potentials
Oligodentrocytes
Fluid that fills the spaces between the meninges and protects the brain and spinal cord, supplies nutrients, and removes waste material
Cerebrospinal fluid
Mahor division of the nerovous system that consists of the cranial and spinal nerves
Peripheral nervous system
Major region of the brain that is the second largest part that reveices sensorty input about the bodys position to maintain balance
Cerebellum
Major region of the brain that houses thousands of reflex arcs
Brainstem
Cells that surround the cell bodies of neurons in the peripheral nervous system that regulate the environment around the neuron
Satellite cells
Nerve clusters that help coordinate movelments with sensory information
Ganglia
Part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and other organelles
Cell body
Major region of the brain that consists of two hemispheres that are used for higher mental functions
Cerebrum
Peripheral nerves that branch from the brain to control the head, neck, and facial regions of the body
Cranial nerves
Major region of the brain that is the structural and functional link between the cerebral hemispheres nad the rest of the CNS
Diencephalon
Areas of an axon that are wrapped in myelin and are used to speed up nerve impulses
Internodes
Layers that surrpund all axons in the peripheral nervous system composed of schwann cells
Neurilemma
Type of neuron that takes nerve signals from a sensory receptor to the central nervous system
Sensory neurons
Cells that support and nourish neurons
Neuroglia
What are the three main functions of the nervous system?
Monitor changes, Process and interpret sensory input, and dictates a response
What type of nervous system do porifera have?
No neurons, only a nerve net
Why? Because they are not made of tissues, cellular level organization only.
What type of nervous system do flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, and annelids have?
Ganglia (nerve clusters because cephalization) and spinal cord.
Why? allows for forward, intentional movement due to sensations
What type of nervous system do chordates and arthropods have?
Brain and spinal cord (has cephalization)
Why? allows for advanced thought, movement, emotion….i.e. everything that makes us human
Animals with radial symmetry have ________ for nervous control
No center
Animals with bilateral symmetry have __________ for nervous control
a primitive control center (ganglia/brain)
CNS consists of _______and _______ while
PNS consists of _______and _______.
CNS- Brian and Spinal cord
PNS- cranial and spinal nerves
Which nervous cell type can divide by mitosis? Which cannot?
Neuroglia can dividing using mitosis. Ex: brain tumors grow quickly
Neurons cannot divide using mitosis. Ex: spinal cord injuries do not repair themselves
Neurons
CELLS that transmit neve impulses between parts of the nervous system.
Allows us to use senses, memory, and learning
Neuroglia
CELLS that supports and nourishes neurons.
Divide by mitosis
What are the three types of neurons and what do they each do?
Sensory- detects changes in environment, like a signal
Interneuron- interpret the change and make a decision to respond (found entirely in CNS)
Motor- carries out the decision actions to an effector
What are the neuroglia of the CNS?
Ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes
