Lab Test 3 Flashcards
What are the three defining features of animals?
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Ability to move at some point in their life cycle
What are the three key evolutionary branch points that separate the phyla?
Development of tissues
Symmetry
Body Cavities
Tissues form when _______
two or more cells work together to perform a particular function
Tissues are derived from embryonic germ layers, including:
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Which germ layer develops into the protective outer body covering and nerves
Ectoderm
Which germ layer develops into the digestive and respiratory tract?
Endoderm
Which germ layer develops into the skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive structures?
Mesoderm
Asymmetry
Occurs when there is no line that divides the body into equal or mirrored halves and occurs in sponges
Radial Symmetry
Body cavity can be divided into mirrored halves by more than one line through the median plane.
Best suited for sessile, free floating, or weakly swimming organisms
Ex: sponges, cnidarians, adult echinoderms
Bilateral symmetry
body is divided into mirrored halves by one line through the median plane.
Best for organisms with a distinct head and tail region. Ex: flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, arthropods, larval echinoderms, chordates.
________ is any fluid filled space in the animal body that houses and protects internal organs
A body cavity
Acoelomates
Mesodermal cells fill the region between the body wall (ectoderm) and digestive tract (endoderm) completely, leaving NO space for a fluid filled cavity.
Found in flatworms
Pseudocolelomates
Mesodermal cells align themselves against the body wall (ectoderm), leaving space for a Partially lined fluid filled cavity.
Found in roundworms
Eucoelomates
Mesodermal cells align themselves against the body wall (ectoderm) and around the digestive tract (endoderm), leaving a COMPLETELY lined fluid filled cavity.
Found in segmented worms, mollusks, echinoderms, arthropods, chordates
All phyla contain invertebrates except for 1. What phyla is that?
Chordata contains a few invertebrates and the all the vertebrates.
Which phylum includes asymmetrical organisms that lack tissues, germ layers, and coelom, and are sessile as adults. They can reproduce sexually and asexually. Includes Sponges
Porifera
What type of skeletal frame work is each of these?
Hint: Found in sponges
Left picture: Spicules- Rigid framework of calcaneous or siliceous structures
Right picture: Spongin fibers- fibrous structures
What phyla has organisms that have two distinct body forms (polyp and medusa), have organized tissues but lack the mesoderm, and has an incomplete gut? Can reproduce sexually and asexually. Includes hydras, sea anemones, jelly fish, and coral
Cnidarian
What phyla includes organisms that have organ level of organization derived from all three germ layers, but are segmented acoelomates with a gut cavity, reproduce sexually and asexually? Includes flatworms like tapeworms, planarians, and flukes.
Platyhelminthes
What phyla includes organisms that have organ level organization derived from all three germ layers, are pseudocoelomates with gut cavity and pseudocoelom, lack segmentation, and have a complete digestive tract. Includes roundworms like trichina worms, pinworms, and hookworms
Nematoda
What phyla includes organisms that have organ level organization derived from all three germ layers, Eucoelomates with gut cavity and coelom, have cephalization, and only reproduce sexually? They can be terrestrial or aquatic. Includes clams, oysters, scallops, snails, squid, octopus.
Mollusca
What phyla includes organisms that have organ level organization, coelomates (all three germ layers) with cephalization. They have paired jointed appendages, hard exoskeleton, and many have wings. Complete gut, segmentation, bilateral symmetry, sexual or asexual reproduction.
Includes crabs, spiders, tick, scorpions, lobster, crab, insects
Arthropoda
What phyla includes organisms that have organ level organization, coelomates, lack cephalization, have radial symmetry as adults but bilateral as larvae, all are marine. Includes sea stars, urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers
Echinodermata
What phyla includes organisms that have organ level organization, coelomates, have cephalization. Complete gut, notochords, postanal tail, and pharyngeal pouches. Includes tunicates, lancelets, fish, reptiles, birds, mammals
Chordata
What is the taxonomy for sycon, lucosolenia, euplectella, spongilla, cliona?
Domain Eukarya → Kingdom Animalia → Phylum PORIFERA
What is the taxonomy for hydra, obelia, jellyfish, sea anemones, coral?
Domain Eukarya → Kingdom Animalia → Phylum CNIDARIA
What is the taxonomy for planarians, flukes, tapeworms?
Domain Eukarya → Kingdom Animalia → Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES
What is the taxonomy for intestinal worms, trichina, pinworms, hookworms?
Domain Eukarya → Kingdom Animalia → Phylum NEMATODA
What is the taxonomy for clams, oysters, scallops, snails, squids, octopus?
Domain Eukarya → Kingdom Animalia → Phylum MOLLUSCA
What is the taxonomy for tubeworms, sandworms, clamworms, earthworms, leeches?
Domain Eukarya → Kingdom Animalia → Phylum ANNELIDA
What is the taxonomy for crabs, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, lobsters, shrimp, insects?
Domain Eukarya → Kingdom Animalia → Phylum ARTHROPODA
What is the taxonomy for stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers?
Domain Eukarya → Kingdom Animalia → Phylum ECHINODERMATA
What is the taxonomy for tunicates, lancelets, sharks, fish, reptiles, mammals?
Domain Eukarya → Kingdom Animalia → Phylum CHORDATA
What do invertebrates lack that is present in vertebrates?
Vertebrae (backbone)
What is an incompletely lined body cavity called?
Pseudocoelom
What type of symmetry is associated with one line that divides an organism into mirrored right and left halves?
Bilateral
What is the name of the main opening in a sponge through which water is expelled?
Osculum
What are the hard and sharp projections of certain sponges called that are used for protection?
Spicules
What is the name given to the body form of a cnidarian that has a mouth directed upward?
Polyp
What structure in a planarian is the opening where food is digested and and distributes nutrients to all the cells?
Gastrovascular cavity
What are the anterior and posterior ends of a complete digestive tract called?
Mouth and anus
Do animals with a gastrovascular cavity have a body cavity?
No. A GV cavity is not a body cavity because it is not lined by mesodermal cells
What is it called when organisms have sensory organs localized in a distinct head reagion?
Cephalization
What type of symmetry does an adult starfish have?
Radial
What are the four characteristics of all chordates and describe the function.
- Dorsal nerve- sense and react to environmental stimuli
- Notochord- supports the dorsal nerve and is the attachment site for muscles
- Pharyngeal pouches- traps food, gas exchange, regulates metabolism
- Postanal tail- used for movement
What are the 9 phyla in the animalia kingdom?
Hint: PCP, Narcotics, And Marijuana Are Excellent Choices
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata
Do we have the sensation of touch at every point in the skin? Are receptors distributed evenly?
No. Receptors are clustered at different points throughout the skin
What determines how sensitive a given area of the skin will be to touch?
The amount of nerve receptors clustered in a particular area
Is everyone’s tongue mapped the same?
No. Tongue mapping is a myth. Everyone has receptors in different locations
Define Acommodation
The process of changing the shape of the lens in order to control the bending of light to focus on the retina
What is consensual reaction?
both eyes responding together when only one was stimulated
Explain the phenomenon of colored afterimages
Cones can get “bleached” so when you stare at a red square then your gaze shifts to white paper, only the blue and green cones will be stimulated.
____ can respond in low light providing indistinct gray images at night, but are nonfunctional in bright light
Rods
_____ are used to see color
Cones
What afterimage shows the same coloring as the original image?
Positive afterimage
It is a continuous firing of photoreceptors
What afterimage shows complimentary coloring to the original image?
Negative afterimage
Caused by the bleaching of the affected photoreceptors
