Lecture Test 1 Flashcards
Sympatric Speciation
Type of speciation that occurs when individuals within a species become specialized for occupying different parts of the environment
ex: fish in the same stream but living in different environments of said stream
Inbreeding
Form of genetic drift that occurs with mating between close relatives that share a large number of alleles. Results in homozygous recessive traits being more prevalent=weaker species
Natural selection
Mechanism of evolution where individuals best adapted to the environment will survive and reproduce at a greater rate than others
Immigration
Form of gene flow that occurs when a population gains alleles when individuals move in permanently
Gene Flow
aka Migration
Mechanism of evolution that occurs with the movement of alleles among populations.
Can be Emigration or Immigration
Adaptation
A trait that enhances an individual’s fitness.
An inherited trait or behavior that enables an organism to survive and reproduce successfully.
Emigration
Form of gene flow that occurs when a population loses alleles when individuals leave it permanently
Sexual Selection
Mode of natural selection that occurs when individuals compete to reproduce
Males will be more colorful and larger (usually) and female will care for young
Directional Selection
Mode of natural selection that occurs when allele frequencies shift in one direction due to environmental influences
Ex: pepper moths blending in with lichen
Genetic bottleneck
Form of genetic drift that occurs when there is a drastic reduction in population size brought about by severe pressure
ex: northern seals having been hunted near extinction
Organic Evolution
Accumulation of genetic changes in populations or organisms through many generations
Disruptive Selection
Mode of natural selection that occurs when extreme forms of a trait are favored and the intermediate forms are selected against
Genetic Drift
Mechanism of evolution that occurs with random changes in allele frequencies over time, brought about by chance alone
What are the three forms of genetic drift
genetic bottleneck
inbreeding
founder effect
Allopatric Speciation
Type of speciation that occurs when a physical barrier separates members of a population that ends gene flow between them
Ex: great wall of china
Sexual dimorphism
Individuals of many sexually reproducing species that have distinct male and female characteristics
Founder effect
Form of genetic drift that occurs when a small number of random individuals start a new population in a new area
Ex: bird taking flowers to a new area. The new area is limited to the flowers brought
the founder effect is most pronounced in….
isolated islands, as it is harder to introduce multiple traits to a remote place
Stabilizing selection
Mode of natural selection that occurs when intermediate forms of a trait are favored while extremes are eliminated
Artificial Selection
Form of natural selection that occurs when humans manipulate the genome of other species by controlling which individuals breed.
Ex: our produce, animal breeds, “designer babies”
What are the 4 mechanisms of microevolution
Mutation
Natural selection
Gene flow
Genetic drift
What are the two mechanisms of macroevolution
Allopatric speciation and Sympatric speciation
Define Microevolution
Small changes within a species over a short period.
Descent with Modification means ___________
Those best adapted to the environment will survive and reproduce to pass the best possible traits to offspring
What are the 4 Principles of descent with modification?
- Overproduction
- Struggle for existence
- Inheritance and accumulation of favorable variation
- Survival and reproduction of the fittest
Changes occur through_____ _____
genetic mutations.
these changes can be good or bad, most are silent.
Darwin hypothesized that the process of evolution by natural selection could explain not only the variation within populations, but also __________
…the great diversity of species in the world and in the fossil records.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
A. If
B. If
C. If
D. Then
A. If a population contains variation for some character AND
B. If the variation is at least partly heritable AND
C. If some variants survive to reproduce at higher rates than others THEN
D. the distribution of that character in the population will change over time
What are the 4 modes that are distinguished by their effects on physical traits?
Directional selection
Stabilizing selection
Disruptive selection
Sexual selection
Natural selection allows for
poorly adapted phenotypes to be weeded out.
May lead to speciation
Gene flow counters the evolutionary the effects of ______,______, and _______
Mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift
Anagenesis
aka Gradualism
Rare
A slow accumulation of heritable changes in a population
Cladogenesis
aka Branching
A more rapid splitting of one or more new species from an original species that may or may not still exist
Gene flow __________ the effects of mutations, natural selection, and genetic drift by keeping the gene pools of populations similar
Gene flow COUNTERS the effects of mutations, natural selection, and genetic drift by keeping the gene pools of populations similar
Binomial nomenclature
A species name that is composed of the genus and specific epithet
Taxonomy
Formal system for naming and grouping species and is used to communicate with scientists around the world
Endemic species
Species that are only found in one part of the world
Analogous structures
Species have traits that are similar to one another in structure, but they evolved independently, and not due to shared ancestry.
ex: bird wings and bat wings are used for flight but birds made of feathers, bats of skin. Therefore, they evolved independently
Common descent
Underlying principle that guides our search for order in the diversity of life.
All organisms are descendants from an ancestral form into which life was first breathed.
What is evidence for common descent?
Homologous/analogous/vestigial structures and
All cells have 4 common structures: plasma membrane, dna, ribosomes, plasma
Phylogeny
The evolutionary history of a species or group that is represented as a branching tree
When reading a phylogeny tree, what does the branching mean?
What do we know about species as we go up the tree?
Each branch represents a common ancestor of the evolutionary lineages; “Divergence”
The higher up the tree the more complex the organism is
Vestigial structures
Traits that serve no function in an individual and are thought to be holdovers from an ancestral species, where they were once useful
Ex: cave fish eye, pelvis in aquatic animals, wings of an ostrich, dewclaw of a dog, human goosebumps
Homologous Structures
Species have traits that are similar to one another in genetics and structure due to shared ancestry
Evolutionary Duration
Species distribution through time
Cosmopolitan species
species that are found world wide
Geographic range
Species distribution through space
What are the 3 criteria that must be met for identifying a new species?
- Common descent is central
- Species must be the smallest distinct grouping of organisms sharing patters of ancestry
- Members of a species must form a reproductive community excluding members of other species (sexual or asexual)
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Sex
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Specific epithet
How are domains divided and
what are the 3 domains
Divided based on the components of the cells
Archaea- no nucleus, no muramic acid
Bacteria- No nucleus, has muramic acid
Eukarya- Has nucleus
How are the Eukarya kingdoms divided and what are the 4 to know?
Based on digestion/how they get nutrients.
Protista- “catch all” group
Fungi- Externally absorbs food, non mobile
Plantae- Photosynthesize, non mobile
Animalia- Internally digests food, mobile at some point in existence.
When writing a species name, how should it be writen?
Using binomial nomenclature and it is in Italics or underlined.
Genus is capitalized, specific epithet is not.
Spirilla
Prokaryotic cells that are curved or spiral shaped and occur SINGLY
Helical Viruses
Viruses that are rod shaped with a helical capsid that surrounds a single or double stranded DNA or RNA molecule
Ex: Ebola
Kingdom Fungi
Classification that includes eukaryotes that decompose and absorb the remains of other organisms using external digestion
Icosahedral Viruses
Viruses that are spherical shaped with capsomeres in regular geometrical patterns
Makes up most animal viruses
Ex: rhinovirus, HPV, Hepatitis B
Halophiles
Type of archaea that thrive in very salty environments
Found in Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea, saline soils and salt mines
Thermophiles
Type of Archaea that live and grow in high temperature environments
Found in Geysers, hot springs, volcanoes
Viruses
Infection agents that exist in a shady area between life forms and chemicals
Methanogens
Type of archaea that live in anaerobic environments
Found in wetland and animal digestive tracts
Conjugation
Bacteria acquire new genetic material by direct contact with another cell via sex pili
5 Characteristics of life
Life is organized
Life requires energy
Life maintains internal constancy
Live develops, grows, and reproduces
Life Evolves
Domain Archaea
Classification that includes archaea that have DNA that lack histones
Many archaea are considered extremophiles-thriving in extreme environments (salt, hot, anaerobic, acidic)
Cocci
Prokaryotic cells that are spherical and may be found alone, in chains, or in clusters
Domain Eukarya
Classification that includes protists, plants, fungi, and animals that have nuclei and membrane bound organelles in their cells
Heterotrophs
Consumers such as animals and fungi that obtain food by eating other living organisms
Thermophiles
Type of archaea that live in high temperature environments
Kingdom Protista
Classification that includes eukaryotes that do not fit the definition of plants, animals, and fungi
Kingdom Plante
Classification that includes eukaryotes that make their own food by photosynthesis
Bacilli
Prokaryotic cells that are rod shaped and may be found singly or in chains
Capsid
Protein coat that encloses the genetic material of viruses
Poxviruses
Complex Viruses that have a brick or oval shape
ex: smallpox
Domain Bacteria
Classification that includes bacteria that have DNA with histones
Where do we use Bacteria to benefit human life?
Sewage treatment
Bioremediation (oil spills)
Nitrogen Fixing
Decomposers
________Could survive without ________ but _______ cannot survive without ______.
Why?
Bacteria (prokaryotes) could survive without eukaryotes, but eukaryotes could not survive without bacteria (prokaryotes)
Because prokaryotes can use chemosynthesis to survive but Eukaryotes would “starve”
Kingdom Animalia
Classification that includes eukaryotes that consume organisms and use internal digestion
Enveloped viruses
Viruses that have an outer membranous envelope that is studded with glycoproteins-this allows it to infiltrate a system without detection, but makes them susceptible to environmental agents like soap
Ex: influenza, HIV, MMR, Varicella (chicken pox)
Capsomeres
Individual protein subunits of the capsid of viruses
Autotrophs
Producers such as plants and algae absorb the suns energy and converts it to chemical energy stored in sugars
Bacteriophage
Complex VIRUSES that have an icosahedral head and helical tail
Can infect a bacteria but it is a virus
Transformation
Bacteria acquire new genetic material by picking up DNA from the environment
Transduction
Bacteria acquire new genetic material by a virus transferring DNA from one cell to another
Complex Viruses
Viruses that have a form that is not a simple helical or icosahedral shape
Ex: Poxvirus, Bacteriophages
Hyphae
Fibers that compose the mushroom body and mycelium of fungi
Kingdom Fungi
Classification that includes eukaryotes that decompose and absorb the remains of other organisms using external digestion
Cilia
Tiny hair like extensions that cover the cell and move in circular motions to propel the organism through its environment
Mushrooms
Aboveground reproductive structure of fungi that produces spores
Plasmodial Slime Molds
Slime mold that exist as a fan shaped mass of cytoplasm
Flagella
Tail like structures that move in a rotary motion to propel the organism through its environment
Sporophyte
Generation of green algae occurs when a multicellular diploid phase produces haploid spores via the process of meiosis
Protozoans
Animal like protists that propel themselves quickly around their environment and hunt for prey
Slime molds
Fungal like protists that require carbon for growth, and form sheet like colonies of cells
Thallus
Structure that forms the body of multicellular algae that is divided into branches
Cellulose
Sugars linked together to form the cell walls of algae and plants
Parasitic fungi
Type of harmful fungi that infect and cause disease in animals and can often be cured with antifungal medication
Mycelium
Belowground supporting structure of fungi that absorbs water and nutrients
Holdfast
Structure that anchors multicellular algae to the substrate
Edible fungi
Type of helpful fungi that are common food sources for organisms
Diatoms
Type of algae that consists of species that have bodies surrounded by a shell made of silica and are unicellular
Can be found in warm and cool marine and freshwater environments.
AKA: The Jewels of the Sea
Medicinal Fungi
Type of helpful fungi that are used to produce antibiotics that are used to great bacterial diseases
Algae
Plant like protists that live in water and contain pigments that are used in the process of photosynthesis
Air Bladders
Structure of multicellular algae that hold the thallus erect in the water to maximize light absorption for photosynthesis
Gametophyte
Generation of green algae occurs when a multicellular haploid phase produces haploid gametes that fuse to form a diploid zygote
Asexual reproduction
Type of fungal reproduction that occurs when haploid body cells produce haploid spores that are genetically identical
Stipe
Structure of multicellular algae that supports the thallus and air bladders
Molds
Type of harmful fungi that grow quickly over food sources that are often our food sources
Pseudopods
Cytoplasmic extensions (microtubules) that occur along the edge of the cell to help organisms move through their environment and to capture prey.
Red Algae
Type of algae that secrete calcium carbonate that is used to form coral reefs and are filamentous or multicellular
Found in warm marine water at deep depths
Fungal partnerships
Type of helpful fungi that form a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae or bacterium
Ex: Fungi help algae and bacteria by providing a sage habitat, water, and minerals and in return the algae and bacteria provide nutrients
Sexual Reproduction
Type of fungal reproduction that occurs when the hyphae of two parents join and the haploid cells of each fuse to form a diploid zygote that is genetically distinct
Fungi in food
type of helpful fungi such as yeast that is used to make bread and to ferment grains and fruit
Kingdom Protista
Classification that includes eukaryotes that do not fit in the definition of plants, animals, fungi
Dinoflagellates
Type of algae that have two flagella they use for movement and are unicellular
Can be photosynthetic, heterotrophic, or both.
Found in warm and cool marine and freshwater
Have two flagella and population explosions cause red tides
Cellular slime molds
Slime molds that exist as individual cells for most of their lives
Brown algae
Type of algae that has a branched body plan and are multicellular
Found in cool marine waters
Known as seaweed and rockweed
Label the brown algae structures
Holdfast, Air Bladders, Stipe
______ -Needed to maintain the organized array of biochemicals that sustain life
Life requires energy
_____ - Homeostasis
Life maintains internal constancy
_____ - Those individuals best adapted to the environment survive at a greater rate and therefore reproduce at a greater rate
Life Evolves
Are viruses living or nonliving? Why?
Both
They have living characteristics and non living characteristics
What are the living and nonliving characteristics of viruses
Living: the have organization, can reproduce, contain DNA or RNA, can adapt
Nonliving: not made of cells or organelles, cannot reproduce without a host, do not have both DNA and RNA, cannot carry out metabolic activities without a host, cannot grow, cannot maintain homeostasis
Do viruses have DNA or RNA or Both?
Can have DNA or can have RNA, cannot have both.
What are the four types of viruses?
Helical, Icosahedral, Enveloped, Complex
Prokaryotes are ___cellular, ____ organelles, and have ________ chromosome
Prokaryotes are UNIcellular, LACK organelles, and have a SINGLE, CIRCULAR chromosome
Eukaryotes are ____cellular, ______ organelles, and have ________chromosomes
Eukaryotes are UNICELLULAR OR MULTICELLULAR, CONTAIN organelles, and have MULTIPLE LINEAR CHROMOSOMES
What are the 3 ways Prokaryotes can acquire genetic material
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
Heterotrophic Protists
Photosynthetic Protists
Heterotrophic- consume nutrients from the environment
Ex: Protozoans and slime molds
Photosynthetic- synthesize nutrients using energy from the sun
Ex: Algae
Protozoans
Animal-like protists that propel themselves using pseudopods, cilia, or flagella to hunt for bacteria and other protists to consume
Mobile and single celled, use mitosis to reproduce (asexual)
Ex: Paramecium, Trypanosoma, Amoebas
Slime molds
Fungal-like protists that require carbon for growth, can form sheet like colonies of cells
Single cell but congregate
Use fruiting bodies to reproduce via spores
Spores
Single cells that carry genetic info. used for reproduction
Algae
Plant like protists that live in water and contain pigments that are used in the process of photosynthesis
Uses mitosis and spores to reproduce.
How do the protozoans amoebas, paramecium, and Trypanosoma move?
Amoebas use pseudopods
Paramecium use cilia
Trypanosoma use flagella
What makes up the cell wall of:
Fungi
Plants
Slim molds
Fungi use chitin
Plants use cellulose
Slime molds use cellulose. This is why they are not considered fungi, but protists.
Why are algae not considered plants?
Because many are motile and do not have true roots, stems, leaves, or the distinct reproductive structures of plants.
Where can you find algae?
Moist/wet environments where light can penetrate. Since they rely on photosynthesis, must have frequent light
How do most algae get named?
After the color they are REFLECTING
Ex: red algae reflects red light, green algae reflect green, Brown algae reflects brown light
What algae is found in the deepest waters and why?
Red algae. The red light can perpetrate water best and therefore gets deeper into the water body, allowing red algae to photosynthesize and reflect the red color
Label the 5 types of algae and distinguish which are unicellular, multicellular, filamentous, or colonial
Green algae can be any
Dinoflagellates and diatoms are only unicellular
Red algae multi or filamentous
Brown algae multicellular
What is so unique about green algae?
Alternation of Generations occurs, where haploid phase is followed by diploid phase
It is also the ancestral form to the first land plants and stores food as starch.
Can be found in many environments and all forms: unicellular, filamentous, colonial, and multicellular
What forms can green algae be found in?
All forms: unicellular, filamentous, colonial, and multicellular
Can also be found in most environments
What type of viruses are spherical shaped with protein subunits in regular geometrical patterns that make up the capsid?
Icosahedral
What kingdom consists of organisms that decompose and absorb the remains of other organisms via external digestion
Fungi
What organisms can produce their own food by using energy and molecular building blocks obtained directly from chemicals in the environment?
Archaea and Bacteria
Prokaryotes acquiring new genetic material by picking up the DNA from the environment is known as what?
Transformation
_____ are a major group of organisms that are unicellular, lack organelles, and have a single circular chromosome
Prokaryotes
What type of archaea thrive in salty environments
halophiles
True or false
Bacteria are more helpful to humans than harmful
True
_______ obtain nutrients primarily by eating bacteria and other protists. Some absorb organic nutrients from their surroundings ad some live as parasites in animals
Protozoans
