Lecture Test 2 Flashcards
What separates plants from algae?
Structural adaptations that allow plants to thrive on land: roots, stems, and leaves
What algae is ancestral to the first land plants?
Green Algae
What are the common characteristics between green algae and plants?
Both contain chlorophylls a and b
Store food as starch within chloroplasts
(Most) have single nucleus in each cell
Cell walls containing cellulose
Reproduce sexually and a sexually
Spores
Structures contained within the sporangia that are released, dispersed by wind, and produce the gametophyte
Seedless nonvascular plants
Group of plants that have a dominant gametophyte stage and lack seeds and vascular tissues
Sori
Structures on the underside of the fronds of ferns that consist of sporangia that contain sporocytes that develop into spores
Fern leaves have branched veins called _____
Fronds
Seedless vascular plants:
Sporophyte develops _____ and ____ while the gametophyte develops _____
Sporophyte develops rhizomes and roots
Gametophyte develops rhzoids
Moss archegonia
Female sex organs that form within a cavity at the tip of the moss gametophyte (archegoniophore) where a few eggs are produced
Root
Plant structure that absorbs water and minerals, stores food, and anchors the plant in the soil
Gametes
Haploid sperm and eggs used for sexual reproduction
Sporangium
Part of the sporophyte that contains sporocytes that undergo meiosis to produce spores
ON THE TEST!!
What structure produces haploid spores in plants?
Sporangia
Zygote
A diploid cell that forms when a sperm and egg unite at fertilization
Seedless Vascular Plants
Group of plants that have a dominant sporophyte stage that has vascular tissue and lack seeds
Rhizoids
Structures used to anchor nonvascular plants to the substrate
Moss Antheridia
Male sex organs that form on short stalks at the tip of the moss gametophyte (antheridiophore) where many sperm are produced
Gametangia/Flowers/Cones
Site for reproduction in plants
Angiosperms
Group of plants that have a dominant sporophyte stage that has vascular tissue and produce seeds within reproductive flowers
Gametangia
Male and female reproductive structures found on the male and female gametophytes of nonvascular plants
Fern Antheridia
Male gametangia that are interspersed among the rhizoids on the lower surface toward the center of the heart-shaped fern gametophyte
Gametophyte
Generation were haploid cells produce gametes that join together at fertilization to form a diploid zygote
Gymnosperms
Group of plants that have a dominant sporophyte stage that has vascular tissue and produce seeds within reproductive cones
Diploid Cells
Cells that have two sets of chromosomes; one from each parent
Fertilization
The union of a sperm cell and an egg cell to form a zygote
Homosporous
Plants that have sporangia that produce one type of spore that develops into one type of bisexual gametophyte
Sporophyte
Generation were diploid cells go through meiosis to produce haploid sexual spores
Indusia
Protective thin flap of the fern sori that cover the clusters of sporangia, and will shrink as the sporangia mature to release spores
Fern Prothalli
Independent leafy gametophytes of ferns that are heart-shaped and one cell thick. Male and female gametangia are found on the same prothallus but WILL NOT self fertilize.
Protonema
Tubular strands that develop from spores and produce the leafy gametophytes of mosses (nonvascular plants)
Enhance the absorption of water and minerals by increasing surface area underground
Meiosis
Nuclear division that cuts the chromosome number in half for the production of gametes
Haploid Cells
Cells that have one set of chromosomes; found in gametes for sexual reproduction
Annulus
Heavy-walled cells along the edge of the sporangia of ferns that catapult the spores out of the sporangia, depending on moisture
Sporocytes
Structures within the sporangia that undergo meiosis to produce spores
Phloem
Tissue that conducts food (sugars) throughout the plant. Has a two way flow. Composed of living cells
Fern Archegonia
Female gametangia that are produced close to the notch of the heart-shaped fern gametophyte
Phragmoplasts
Spindle fibers that form between the daughter nuclei of a dividing cell and is later replaced by the cell wall
Xylem
Tissue that conducts water and minerals up from the roots. Found more interiorly. Has a one way flow. Composed of dead hollow cells
Rhizomes
Underground stems that absorb water, anchor the plant, and produce aboveground stems of the sporophyte
Vascular Tissue
Fundamental tissue that transports material throughout the plant
_______ are the only present day algae that share distinctive traits with plants.
What are these traits?
Charophytes
Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
Structure of flagellated sperm
Formation of phragmoplasts
What are some traits that plants have that Charophytes (algae) do not?
Alternation of generations
Multicellular dependent embryos
Sporangia produce spores
Gametangia produce gametes
Alternation of Generations can be found in what organisms?
Ferns, Plants, and multicelled green algae
Sporophytes that produce one type of spores are ________
Sporophytes that produce two types of spores are __________
Sporophytes that produce one type of spores are HOMOSPOROUS
Sporophytes that produce two types of spores are HETEROSPOROUS
Asexual phase – _______ produces _______
Sexual phase – _________ produces ________
Asexual phase – Sporophyte produces spores
Sexual phase – Gametophyte produces gametes (sperm and eggs)
Meiosis marks the point when the cells go from being ______to______to produce ________
Fertilization marks the point when the cells go from being _______ to ______ to produce a _____
Meiosis marks the point when the cells go from being DIPLOID to HAPLOID to produce SPORES
Fertilization marks the point when the cells go from being HAPLOID to DIPLOID to produce a ZYGOTE
For Nonvascular Seedless plants, which generation is photosynthetic and which is not?
Gametophyte is photosynthetic
Sporophyte is NOT photosynthetic
For Nonvascular Seedless plants, what is the relationship between the sporophyte and the gametophyte generations?
Gametophyte is dominant generation. The sporophyte grows as a stalk from the gametophyte to release spores. The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte for nutrients and water.
For Nonvascular Seedless plants, which structures are haploid and which are diploid?
Haploid- Spore, gametophyte, gametes
Diploid- Zygote, Sporophyte, Sporangium
Nonvascular seedless plants lack roots. What is used to anchor them to the substrate?
They also lack stems and leaves. What is used to enhance absorption of water and minerals?
Rhizoids
Protonema-underground structure since no stems
Seedless plants reproduce using _________. Seed plants reproduce using ________.
Seedless plants reproduce using GAMETANGIA. Seed plants reproduce using FLOWERS AND CONES
Label the life cycle
Label
Label
Label complexities
Label
Phylogeny of Mosses
Green algae- Nonvascular
Phylogeny of Ferns
Green Algae-Vascular-Seedless
Phylogeny of Gymnosperms
Green Algae Ancestor-Vascular-Seed Producing-Cone Producing
Phylogeny of Angiosperms
Green Algae Ancestor-Vascular-Seed Producing-Flower and Fruit Producing
What does it mean when a plant is vascular vs nonvascular?
Vascular has a tubal system to transport nutrients throughout the plant (Xylem and Phloem).
Nonvascular means each cell is responsible for obtaining their own nutrients (all cells must be exposed to the environment to do this)
Which group of plants is the oldest known fossil?
Seedless nonvascular
Simple fossils are found in _______ and complex fossils are found _______
Simple fossils are found in OLDER ROCKS and complex fossils are found in YOUNGER ROCKS
Meaning current plants are increasing in complexity vs old primitive plants.
What is the difference between gymnosperms and Angiosperms?
Gymnosperms (gymno=naked) does not have an enclosed seed.
Angiosperms have enclosed seeds, which allow for flowering and fruiting
List some adaptations of seedless nonvascular plants that allow them to live on land
Retain moisture via waxy cuticle and stomata
Structural support from turgor pressure
Multicellular embryos
Require water for reproduction
Liverwort, Bryophytes, Moss, and Hornwort are examples of ________ plants
Seedless nonvascular plants
What is the dominant generation for Nonvascular plants?
Gametophyte generation
What is the dominant generation for vascular plants?
Sporophyte generation
Nonvascular plants lack seeds, so they grow from _____
spores
For nonvascular plants, the gametophyte is _______ and the sporophyte is _________
(Photosynthetic/not photosynthetic)
Gametophyte is photosynthetic and the sporophyte is not photosynthetic for nonvascular plants
NONVASCULAR PLANTS
Gametophyte produces ______
For nonvascular seedless plants, these are called _____ and ____
Gametes
Male gametangia are called antheridiophores
Female gametangia are called archegoniophores
Gametes produce ________
Sporophyte
Egg and sperm fertilize to become zygote, now its diploid
Nonvascular Male reproduction
haploid stage
Nonvascular Female reproduction
haploid stage
Seedless Nonvascular Gametes produce Sporophyte
What is the seta
Part of the nonvascular seedless reproduction. It stretches high to allow sporangium to release spores to float away in the wind
What are the three phyla belonging to Nonvascular plants?
Bryophyta- mosses
Hepatophyta- liverworts
Anthocerophyta-hornworts
How are plant phyla divided?
Separated based on physical structures and reproduction
What are two important adaptations of seedless vascular plants?
Lignin in cell wall allows plant to stand tall
Vascular tissue- allows for transportation of nutrients
Mosses use ______ and cellulose in their cell walls, while Ferns use _____ and cellulose
Mosses use pectin and cellulose
Ferns use Lignin and cellulose
Sporophyte and gametophyte are _________ for seedless vascular plants
photosynthetic
Since seedless vascular plants lack seeds, they grown from _____
spores
The gametophyte of seedless vascular plants are __________
Free-living/independent- not connected to the sporophyte. Disintegrates when sporophyte develops
What category of plant does not have a true root system?
Nonvascular seedless plants like mosses (Bryophytes)
What are the 2 phyla of Seedless Vascular Plants
Monilophyta- Ferns, horsetails
Lycophyta- ground pines and spike mosses
What plant groups have flagellated sperm?
Nonvascular seedless (Bryophytes) and Vascular seedless (Ferns)
Vascular seedless plants, where are the male and female gametangia found?
Archegonia (female) found at the notch of the gametophyte
Antheridia (male) found among the Rhizoids on the lower surface.
Found on the same Prothallus but will NOT self fertilize
Where does fertilization occur in Vascular seedless plants?
In the Archegonium (female gametangia)
Which of the major groups of plants evolved 360 million years ago with the development of seeds?
Gymnosperms
What is a key adaptation for living on land that is seen in seedless nonvascular plants?
Retain moisture with a waxy cuticle and stomata
Female gametangia contain the female sex organ called _______ that each contain one egg and male gametangia contain the male sex organ _____ that contain multiple sperm that swim in water to a female gametangia
Female gametangia contain the female sex organ called ARCHEGONIA that each contain one egg and male gametangia contain the male sex organ ANTHERIDIA that contain multiple sperm that swim in water to a female gametangia
What major group of plants lack roots, stems, and leaves?
Seedless nonvascular
Seedless plants have sporangia that contain sporocytes that undergo meiosis to produce what?
Homospores
What group of plants does not need to reproduce close to water and has seeds with wings to use wind dispersal?
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms: Where are the seeds contained?
Female: Seed Cones
Male: Pollen Cones
What is the dominant generation for Gymnosperms?
Sporophyte
______ are woody plants that grow from seeds that have a protective coat and a supply of food for the embryo
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms: Male and Female cones go through meiosis to produce _______
Spores.
2n becomes n
Gymnosperms:
_________ have wings for wind dispersal
Male Gametophyte (pollen grain)
Gymnosperms:
When sperm from the pollen grain meets an egg what occurs?
Fertilization occurs forming a zygote
n becomes 2n
What plant group does this describe:
True vascular system including roots, stems, and leaves.
Uses xylem and phloem for nutrients and water.
Does not need external water for reproduction.
Ovules and seeds are exposed
Needle like leaves which are slow for photosynthesis
Gymnosperm Sporophyte (the grown tree)
Needle like clusters of 2-5 leaves used for photosynthesis on gymnosperms are known as _________
Fascicle
What are Microsporophylls and Megasporophylls? Where can they be found?
Micro- Male pollen cones
Mega- Female seeds cones
Found on gymnosperm sporophytes when producing spores
Are gymnosperms homo or heterosporous?
Hetero
Are nonvascular seedless plants homo or hetersporous?
Homo
Are vascular seedless plants homo or heterosporous?
Homo
Are angiosperms homo or heterosporous?
Hetero
Gymnosperm:
Pollen cones produce numerous microspores within the microsporangia that develop into ________
pollen grain (male gametophyte)
Gymnosperm:
After the pollen grain lands on a seed cone, it produces a _________ that grows and digests its way to the archegonia that contains the egg for fertilization
After the pollen grain lands on a seed cone, it produces a POLLEN TUBE that grows and digests its way to the archegonia that contains the egg for fertilization
Gymnosperm:
After the pollen grain lands on a seed cone, it produces a pollen tube that grows and digests its way to the _________ that contains the egg for fertilization
After the pollen grain lands on a seed cone, it produces a pollen tube that grows and digests its way to the ARCHEGONIA that contains the egg for fertilization
Gymnosperms:
After fertilization, what does the female gametophyte develop into for the embryo within the seed?
the food source
What are the 4 phyla of Gymnosperms?
Coniferophyta (Conifers)
Ginkophyta (Ginkos)
Cycadophyta (Cycads)
Gnetophyta (Gnetophytes)
90% of all living plants are considered what?
Angiosperms
What is the key adaptation for angiosperms?
Flowering or Fruit bearing.
What do angiosperms use for pollen dispersal?
Wind, Water, Animals
What is the dominant generation for angiosperms?
Sporophyte
Angiosperm:
______ produces spores that turn into the male gametophyte
______ produces spores that turn into the female gametophyte
Anther
Pistil
Angiosperm:
The majority of the generation is _________
haploid or diploid
Diploid
What plant group does this describe:
True vascular system including roots, stems, and leaves.
Uses xylem and phloem for nutrients and water.
Does not need to reproduce near water
Flowers are used to attract animal pollinators
Ovules and seeds are enclosed within a fruit
Angiosperms
Angiosperm reproductive structures
Stamens (male) produce and disperse pollen
Pistil (female) contain ovules that enclose the seed
Angiosperm:
A seed develops from a _____ and is part of an _______ that becomes the fruit
A seed develops from a CARPEL and is part of an OVARY that becomes the fruit
Angiosperms:
Since pollen grain is nonmotile, how does it get from an anther to a stigma
Animal pollinators, wind, or water
Angiosperm:
Pollen grains land on the pistil of a flower and produces a _________that grows to the egg for fertilization
Pollen grains land on the pistil of a flower and produces a POLLEN TUBE
What major group of plants produce ovules and seeds on the surface of cones?
Gymnosperms
Do plant zygote develop into the sporophyte or the gametophyte generation?
Sporophyte
What structure forms the male gametophyte for gymnosperms and angiosperms?
Pollen grains
Gymnosperms produce pollen grains that use what form of dispersal?
Wind
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains, which carry ________, from an anther of one flower to the stigma of another.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains, which carry SPERM, from an anther of one flower to the stigma of another.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains, which carry sperm, from an _______ of one flower to the ______ of another.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains, which carry sperm, from an ANTHER of one flower to the STIGMA of another.
The size of the gametophyte is progressively _________ as the sporophyte becomes more dominant as the major groups of plants evolved
The size of the gametophyte is progressively REDUCED as the sporophyte becomes more dominant as the major groups of plants evolved
Stigma
The sticky top part of the pistil that can hold onto the pollen grains
What is the phylum and classes for angiosperms?
Phylum Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida (Eudicots)
Class Liliopsida (Monocots)
Spores
Structures contained within the sporangia that are released, dispersed by wind, and produce the gametophyte
Ovule
Chamber in the carpel of the flower that houses the egg
Pollen grains
Male gametophytes of gymnosperms that are motile and angiosperms that are nonmotile
Heterosporous
Plants that have sporangia that produce two types of spores that develop into distinct male and female gametophytes
Gametes
Haploid sperm and eggs used for sexual reproduction
Sporangium
Part of the sporophyte that contains sporocytes that undergo meiosis to produce spores
Monocots
Group of angiosperms that have one cotyledon in the seed, parallel leaf veins, and flower parts in threes or multiples of three
Pollen cones
Male reproductive structures of gymnosperms that produce pollen
Embryo sac
Female megagametophyte of flowering plants that contains eight nuclei and is retained on the parent plant
Fruits
Forms from a mature ovary of a flower that swells around the seed to protect it and aids in seed dispersal
Angiosperms
Group of plants that have a dominant sporophyte state that has vascular tissue and produce seeds within reproductive flowers
Pollination
The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma
Anthers
Male microsporophylls of flowers that develop microspores that form into pollen grains
Gametophyte
Generation where haploid cells produce gametes that join together at fertilization to form a diploid zygote
Gymnosperms
Group of plants that have a dominant sporophyte stage that has vascular tissue and produce seeds within reproductive cones
Stamens
Male reproductive structure of flowers that produce and disperse pollen
Seed Cones
Female reproductive structure of gymnosperms that produce eggs that develop into seeds
Sporophyte
Generation where diploid cells go through meiosis to produce haploid sexual spores
Ovary
Female reproductive structure of flowers that produce eggs and continue developing into fruit and seeds
Eudicots
Group of angiosperms that have two cotyledons in the seed, netted leaf veins, and flower parts in 4s or 5s
Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring in the STEM
Fascicles
Clusters of 2-5 needle-like leaves that are found on conifers
Xylem
Tissue that conducts water and minerals
Sporocytes
Structures within the sporangia that undergo meiosis to produce spores
Seeds
Structures that are produced have a protective coat and a supply of food for the developing sporophyte embryo
Carpels
Chambers in the ovary of the flower that house the ovules
Phloem
Tissue that conducts food (sugars) throughout the plant
Collenchyma
Tissue composed of cells that have cell walls with an uneven thickness located beneath the epidermis
Ground tissues
Fundamental tissue that consists of specialized cells for storage, photosynthesis, and support
Apical meristems
Types of meristem that produces primary growth to increase the length of a plant and is located at the tips of the roots and shoots
What are the three primary meristems?
Protoderm-gives rise to epidermis
Procambium- gives rise to xylem and phloem
Ground meristem- Gives rise to all primary tissues (except the above mentioned)
What are the two Lateral (secondary) meristems?
Vascular cambium- support and conduction, produces secondary xylem and phloem
Cork cambium- produces bark
What does bark consist of?
Phloem and cork
Sieve cells
Food conducting tubes that are small with narrow albuminous cells
Growth
Increase the mass and volume of an organism and results from the production of new cells
Tissues
Two or more types of cells that work together to perform a specific function
Tracheids
Water conducting tubes that are small and tapered at each end
Fibers
Type of sclerenchyma tissue that is composed of cells that are used for support in roots, stems, leaves, and fruits
Protoderm
Meristematic tissue that gives rise to the epidermis
Parenchyma
Tissue that contains large vacuoles that store starch, oils, tannins, crystals, and chloroplasts
Simple Tissues
Tissue that consists of one type of cell
Organs
Two or more types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function
Leaves
Plant organs that are the primary site for photosynthesis
Stems
Plant organs that support the leaves and flowers/cones
Ground meristem
Meristematic tissue that gives rise to all primary tissues except the epidermis, xylem, and phloem
Lateral meristems
Type of meristem that produces secondary growth to increase the width of a plant
Determinate growth
Growth that stops after an organ is fully expanded or a plants has reached a certain size (many annuals)
Refers to both roots and stems
Epidermis
Outer layer of cells that provides protection and has pores to allow for gas exchange
Transfer or companion cells
Tissue composed of cells that are elongated to increase their surface area and transport material short distances
Dermal tissue
Fundamental tissue that serves as the outer protective covering of the plant
Sieve tube members
Food conducting tubes that are large and narrow with tapered companion cells
Sclerenchyma
Tissue that is composed of cells with thick, tough secondary walls that are impregnated with lignin
Cork cambium
Meristematic tissue that lies outside the vascular cambium and just inside the outer bark, which it produces
Secretory tissues
Tissues that secrete waste material and other substances that are vital such as nectar, oil, and hormones from cells onto the epidermis.
Secretory tissues deter insects, secrete poisons, pheromones, or sticky sugars
Procambium
Meristematic tissue that gives rise to primary xylem and phloem
Meristematic tissues
Permanent growth region where cells actively divide
Roots
Plant organs that absorb water and minerals, stores food, and anchors the plant in the soil
Indeterminate growth
Growth that occurs in plants where new tissues are added season after season (perennials)
Refers to both roots and stems
Vascular cambium
Meristematic tissue that functions primarily in support and conduction and produces secondary xylem and phloem
Stomata
Pores of the epidermis that are used for gas exchange. STOMA is the opening
Cuticle
Fatty layer that covers the epidermis of the plant to provide protection
Sclereids
Type of sclerenchyma tissue that is composed of cells that are randomly distributed where needed and functions in support
Complex tissues
Tissues composed of two or more types of cells
Vessels
Large water conducting tubes that are long, and open at each end
What are the major groups of organs that plants have?
Roots, stems, leaves, and sometimes flowers/cones
What are the three fundamental tissues roots, stems, and leaves are composed of?
Dermal, Vascular, and Ground tissues
Pith and cortex are made of _____ tissue,
Xylem and Phloem are made up of ______ tissue, and
Epidermis is make up of ______ tissue
Pith and cortex: ground
Xylem Phloem: Vascular
Epidermis: dermal
What are the three types of simple tissues?
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
What is the most abundant of the cell types in a plant that can live more than 100 years?
Parenchyma cells
collenchyma cells can also live over 100 years but not most abundant
What type of cells make up the cell walls in celery?
Collenchyma cells
What type of cells are dead at maturity?
Sclerenchyma
What are the two types of sclerenchyma?
sclereids and fibers
sclereids make up the gritty texture of pears, apple cores, and peach pits
What are the cells that compose xylem and phloem
parenchyma and sclerenchyma
What are the cells that compose the epidermis
parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
What are the cells that compose secretory tissues
parenchyma and epidermal cells
What are the two types of xylem
vessels and tracheids
What are the two types of sieve elements and where can they be found?
Sieve tube members- phloem of angiosperms
Sieve cells- phloem of seedless vascular plants (ferns)
A group of cells performing a similar function is known as what?
Tissues
What type of xylem consists of large tubes composed of individual cells that are open at each end? (This is why oak trees are known as hardwood)
Vessels
Leaves have many small pores called ________, which are bordered by guard cells that are used for ________
Leaves have many small pores called STOMATA, which are bordered by guard cells that are used for GAS EXCHANGE
______ meristems are regions where primary growth increases the length of the shoot and root tip, and _____ meristems are regions where secondary growth increases the width of the shoots and roots
APICAL meristems are regions where primary growth increases the length of the shoot and root tip, and LATERAL meristems are regions where secondary growth increases the width of the shoots and roots
Apical meristems are regions where ________ growth increases the _______ of the shoot and root tip, and lateral meristems are regions where ________ growth increases the _______ of the shoots and roots
Apical meristems are regions where PRIMARY growth increases the LENGTH of the shoot and root tip, and lateral meristems are regions where SECONDARY growth increases the WIDTH of the shoots and roots
What are the functions of the root system
Anchors the plant in the soil (prevents erosion)
Absorbs water and minerals
Stores food
Symbiotic relationship with bacteria and fungi
Terminal buds
Located at the tips of stems and contain meristematic tissue
Region of maturation
Part of the root tip where cells mature into distinct cell types of the primary tissues
Bud scales
Protect the young bud and fall off when the bud starts to grow
Mesophyll
Part of the leaf that is composed of parenchyma cells and functions primarily in photosynthesis and as moisture sensors
Shoot system
Above ground structure of a plant that include stems, leaves, and structures for reproduction
Axillary buds
Located in the axil of stem and contain meristematic tissue
Axil
Angle between a leaf petiole and the stem
Region of cell division
Contains the apical meristem in the center of the root tip where cells go through the process of mitosis
Protoderm
Meristematic tissue that gives rise to the epidermis
______ gives rise to the epidermis. ________ gives rise to the primary xylem and phloem. ________ gives rise to the parenchyma cells in between the epidermis and vascular tissue and may consist of the pith and cortex
PROTODERM gives rise to the epidermis.
PROCAMBIUM gives rise to the primary xylem and phloem.
GROUND MERISTEM gives rise to the parenchyma cells in between the epidermis and vascular tissue and may consist of the pith and cortex
Petiole
The stalk of the leaf that attaches the leaf to the stem.
This allows the leaves to follow the sun during the day
Compound leaves
Type of leaves that have a leaf blade that is divided into leaflets with a single axillary bud at the base
Carnivorous plants
Plants that are photosynthetic, but supplement their mineral diet by capturing insects and other small animals
Ectomycorrhizae
Fungi that form a dense sheath of mycelia over the surface of the root for nutrient exchange
Parasitic plants
Plants that absorb water, minerals, and sugars from a living host plant
Internodes
Regions of the stem between the leaves
Radicle
First rootlet from the seed embryo that develops after germination.
Pneumatophores
Roots that extend above the waters surface to enhance gas exchange for plants that grow in water
Lenticels
Pockets of tissue that protrude through the surface of the bark and are used for gas exchange
Epiphytes
Plants that grow on other plants but gather and produce their own nutrients
Root nodules
Symbiotic relationship between rhizobacteria and the roots of plants lead to plants forming open sacs for the rhizobacteria to live
Root System
Plant organs that absorb water and minerals, stores food, and anchors the plant in the soil
Region of elongation
Part of the root where cells grow several times in length and somewhat in width
Leaf blades
Flattened structure that houses mesophyll, vascular tissue, and the epidermis
Adventitious roots
Roots that arise from a stem or leaf
Root cap
Parenchyma cells that cover the tip of the root to protect delicate tissues from damage and provide a perception of gravity for growth
Mycorrhizae
Symbiotic relationship between fungi and the roots of plants
Food storage in roots
Roots that store large quantities of starch undergroud
Nodes
Region where the leaves are attached to the stem
Simple Leaves
Type of leaves that have a single blade with a single axillary bud at the base
Buttress roots
Roots that are huge toward the base of the trunk to provide stability and occurs in plants that grow in shallow soil
Aerial roots
Roots that form aboveground and have a thick epidermis to prevent water loss, provide support, and to help form additional soil
Ex: corn
Endomycorrhizae
Fungi that are embedded in the root and penetrate the plant cell walls to facilitate nutrient exchange
All plants have ______ growth. Only some have _________ growth.
All have PRIMARY growth.
Only some have SECONDARY growth
Monocots have ______ veins and Dicots have _____ veins
Monocots have PARALLEL veins and Dicots have BRANCHED NETWORK of veins
Internal structure of leaves
Stomata at the bottom, Secretory cell at the top.
Vein includes primary xylem and phloem
Plants can provide mycorrhizae with ______ and the mycorrhizae provides the plants with _____
Plants can provide mycorrhizae with SUGAR and the mycorrhizae provides the plants with SURGACE AREA FOR WATER UPTAKE AND OTHER MINERALS
What plant organ system forms symbiotic relationships with bacteria and fungi?
Root system
What plant organ elevates reproductive structures to facilitates the dispersal of pollen and fruit?
Stems
______ allows for gas exchange and develop beneath the stomata of woody stems
Lenticels
What internal leaf region functions primarily in photosynthesis and as moisture sensors?
Mesophyll
_______ produce antibiotics that protect the plant roots from disease, others absorb toxic metals or make nutrients available to roots, others convert nitrogen into a form that is usable by plants or stimulate plant growth.
Rhizobacteria
What plants are photosynthetic, but supplement their mineral diet by capturing insects and other small animals?
Carnivorous plants
What plants grow on other plants and absorb water and minerals form rain, mostly though leaves rather than roots?
Epiphytes
What is found in the center of monocot roots?
Dicto roots?
Monocots have pith in the center
Dicots have xylem and phloem in the center
What are the 3 key traits for angiosperm life cycle?
Use flowers for reproduction
Use double fertilization process
Use fruit for seed disperasal
What makes up each of the 4 “whorls” on a flower?
1: Pistils (innermost whorl)
2:Stamens
3: Petals
4: Sepals
The ovary of a flower develops into the _____ while the ovule develops into the ______
Ovary develops into the FRUIT
Ovule develops into the SEED
Angiosperms male gametophytes:
Generative cell develops into ______ and the tube cell produces _______
Generative cell develops into TWO SPERM CELLS and the tube cell produces THE POLLEN TUBE
Ovule
Chamber in the carpel of the flower that houses the egg
Pollen grains
Male gametophytes of gymnosperms that are motile and angiosperm that are nonmotile
Style
Part of the carpel that forms the stalk through which the sperm travel to reach the egg
Double fertilization
The union of the two sperm cells with different nuclei in the female gametophyte of flowering plants
Plumule
The embryo shoot contained within a seed
Accessory fruits
Type of fruit that is derived from other flower parts as well as the ovary
Cytokinins
ON THE TEST
Plant hormone that regulates cell division in roots and shoots, promotes nutrient movement, and slows the aging of certain organs
PROMOTES LATERAL GROWTH
Multiple fruits
Type of fruit that is derived from an inflorescence
Sporangia
Part of the sporophyte that contains sporocytes that undergo meiosis to produce spores
Perfect floweres
Flowers that have both stamens and pistils
Abscisic acid
Plant hormone that inhibits growth, promotes stomatal closure, leave senescence, seed dormancy, and inhibits early germination
Angiosperms
Group of plants that have a dominant sporophyte stage that has vascular tissue and produce seeds within reproductive flowers
Embryo sac
Female megagametophyte of flowering plants that contains eight nuclei and is retained on the parent plant
Fruits
Forms from a mature ovary of a flower that swells around the seed to protect it and aids in seed dispersal
Carpels
chambers in the ovary of the flower that house the ovules
Ovary
Part of the pistil that forms the chamber that protects the ovules
Coleoptile
The tubular sheathing that protects the plumule in monocot seeds
Pollination
The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma: pollen grains may be dispersed by animals, wind or water.
Antipodals
Three cells in the embryo sac of flowering plants that help with embryo nutrition
Epicotyl
The short stem that forms above the cotyledons
Abiotic stresses
Environmental stresses that are caused by the nonliving environment such as draught, flooding, salt, heat, and cold.
Complete flowers
Flowers that have sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils
Auxin
Plant hormone that functions in phototropism, enhances apical dominance, and promotes lateral and adventitious roots
PROMOTES PRIMARY GROWTH
Imperfect flowers
Flowers that only have either stamens or pistils
Inflorescence
Flowers that are composed of several to hundreds of florets
ex: sunflowers and onions
Aggregate fruits
Type of fruit that is derived from a single flower with several individual pistils that develop into tiny clusters on a single receptracle
Stamens
Male reproductive structure of flowers that produce and disperse pollen
Synergids
Two cells closest to the micropyle in the embryo sac of flowering plants that guide the pollen tube toward the egg
Micropyle
pathway for the pollen tube to develop. This is what allows angiosperms to form the pollen tube quickly. Not present in gymnosperms, which is why it takes many months for their pollen tube to form.
Hormones
Signaling molecules that trigger a response in certain cells to help plants coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli
Filament
Part of the stamen that forms a stalk to hold up the anther
Gibberellins
Plant hormone that promotes pollen development, fruit growth, seed development and germination, and regulates maturation
Seeds
Structures that are produced have a protective coat and a supply of food for the developing sporophyte embryo
Incomplete flowers
Flowers that are missing sepals, petals, stamens, and/or pistils
Simple fruits
Fruits that are derived from a single flower with a single or several fused carpels
Anthers
Male microsporophylls of flowers that develop microspores that form into pollen grains
Coleorhiza
The tubular sheathing that protects the radicle in monocot seeds
Ethylene
Plant hormone that PROMOTES FRUIT RIPENING, leaf abscission, seedling development, lateral extension, and senescence
Cotyledons
Seed structures that are the first seed leaves and also function as the food storage organ in dicots
Stigma
Part of the pistil that forms the landing platform for pollen
Biotic stresses
Environmental stresses that are caused by living organisms and trigger a plants physical and chemical defenses against pathogens and herbivory
Hypocotyl
The stem that forms below the cotyledons
Pistils
Female reproductive structure of flowers that produce eggs and continue developing into fruit and seeds
Hilum
Seeds structure that marks the point where the ovule was attached to the ovary wall
Dicot seed structure
Monocot seed structure
What are the 3 key traits for angiosperm life cycle?
Use fruit for seed dispersal
Use a double fertilization process
Use flowers for reproduction
What part of the flower is where pollen grains are produced?
Anther
_______ flowers have the presence of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils, and _______ flowers have both stamens and pistils present
COMPLETE flowers have the presence of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils, and PERFECT flowers have both stamens and pistils present
After fertilization, the ovary expands and thickens to form the ______ and the ovule develops into the ______
After fertilization, the ovary expands and thickens to form the FRUIT and the ovule develops into the SEED
After a seed germinates, what is the short stem above the cotyledons called?
Epicotyl
What environmental stress triggers plants to produce solutes they can tolerate at high concentrations to avoid loss of water?
Salt
How can a plants immune system help prevent the spread of infection?
Local defense- hypersensitive response
General defense- system acquired resistance
What are some ways plants defend themselves from herbivory, biotic stresses?
Trichomes
Spines and thorns
Egg mimicry
Communication
