Lecture slides - Chapter 15.1 - 15.2 Flashcards
Language provides the brain with a way to categorize _____. Language provides a means of organizing ____. Language has ____.
information; time; syntax
“sets of rules for putting words together to form meaningful utterances”
syntax
“hypothetical group of neurons that become functionally connected via common sensory inputs”
cell assembly
___ ____ provide the basis for cognition
cell assemblies
___ are the only elements in the brain that combine evidence and make decisions
neurons
____ ____ ____: the combination of individual neurons into novel neural networks produces complex mental representations
Hebb’s Cell Assembly
Cortical areas not referred to as primary are collectively referred to as the ______ ____ which functions in thinking
association cortex
the _____ cortex receives information that is more highly processed
association
____ cortex: neocortex outside of the primary sensory and motor cortices, produces ____
association; cognition
The association cortex receives information that is more highly processed and contains knowledge either about our ____ or _____ world or about movements
internal or external
_____ association regions tend to produce cognition related to visual and auditory processing
temporal
the ____ cortex is closely related to somatosensation and movement control
parietal
the ___ cortex coordinates information coming from the parietal and temporal association regions with information coming from subcortical regions
frontal
Knowledge about what objects are is represented in the ____ association cortex, part of the ____ visual stream
temporal; ventral
if the temporal association cortex is destroyed, the person will develop ___ ____
visual agnosia
“the neocortex outside primary sensory and motor cortices that produces cognition”
association cortex
Knowledge of how to grasp the object is ____ and knowledge of what things are is ____
parietal; temporal
“How do we integrate information” is the _____ _____
binding problem
“philosophical question focused on how the brain ties single and varied sensory and motor events together into a unified perception or behaviour”
binding problem
what is one solution to the binding problem?
regions of the association cortex are multimodal; these neurons respond to information from more than one sensory modality
the _____ _____ responds to EVERYTHING
angular gyrus; this makes sense cause it is right in the middle - wipe this out and you have BIG PROBLEMS
____ cognition refers to a range of mental functions, from the ability to navigate from point A to point B to the re
spatial
the ability to mentally manipulate things likely evolved in parallel with our ability to?
navigate in space
the ___ ____ stream in the ____ lobes is important in spatial cognition
dorsal visual; parietal
How do researchers test spatial cognition?
by giving subjects pairs of stimuli like this and asking if the shapes are the same or different
what stream controls vision for action and where is it located?
dorsal stream; vision for action
People with damaged ____ association regions, especially in the ____ hemisphere, have deficits in processing complex spatial information, both in the real world and in their imagination
parietal; right
\_\_\_\_\_\_ = the real world \_\_\_\_\_ = our interpretation of the real world
sensation; perception
“selective narrowing or focusing of awareness to part of the sensory environment or to a class of stimuli”
attention
how can attention be directed?
inward or outward
attending to specific parts of the sensory world is a property of ___ ____: more evidence that the neuron is the computational unit of cognition
single neurons
People with ___ lobe injuries tend to be overly focused on environmental stimuli
frontal
People with frontal lobe injuries seem to selectively direct attention to what? What do they have difficulty doing?
direct attention to an excessive degree or have difficulty shifting attention
Damage to the ___ association region can produce contralateral neglect.
parietal
Neglect is particularly severe in ____ hemisphere damage
right
damage where causes perseveration
frontal association cortex
___ lobes = ability to direct attention
frontal
“neglect of information on one side of the body when it is presented simultaneously with similar information on the other side of the body”
extinction
Patients with ____ ____ exhibit extinction as they begin to recover
contralateral neglect
When testing for extinction, what can a stroke patient identify?
CAN pick up on two different objects in two visual fields simultaneously
CANT identify similar objects in two visual fields simultaneously
To plan, you need to recognize objects (an ___ and ____ lobe function) and to make appropriate movements with respect to them (a ___ lobe function)
occipital and temporal; parietal
The ___ lobes act like the orchestra conductor; these lobes make and read a motor plan to organize behaviour in ___ and ___ - a kind of score, analogous to the musical score a conductor uses
frontal; space and time
In the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, shifting the response strategy is particularly hard for people with ____ lobe lesions
frontal
“cells in the primate premotor cortex that fire when an individual observes a specific action taken by another individual”
mirror neurons
_____: the human capacity to communicate with words may have resulted from evolution of the mirror neuron system
Rizzolatti
Many “movement” neurons located in the ____ ___ and ___ ___ cortex discharge when a monkey sees other monkeys make the same movements
inferior frontal and posterior parietal
____ ____ could provide the link between the sender and the receiver of a communicaiton
mirror neurons
