Lecture slides - Chapter 14.1 - 14.2 Flashcards
“the nervous systems potential for physical or chemical change, which enhances its adaptability”
neuroplasticity
Experiences that change the brain: _____, _______, ____, _______
development, culture, preferences, coping
“a change in an organisms behaviour as a result of experience”
learning
“the ability to recall or recognize previous experience”
memory
“a mental representation of a previous experience”
memory trace
A memory trace corresponds to a _____ change in the brain, most likely involving _____
physical; synapses
Learning procedure whereby a neutral stimulus
such as a tone (CS) comes to elicit a response (CR)
because of its repeated pairing with some event
such as the delivery of food (US)
Pavlovian Conditioning
Pavlovian Conditioning is aka ____ conditioning
classical or respondent
In Pavlovian conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response (CR) after association with an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus (CS)
A stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers an unconditioned response (UR)
unconditioned stimulus (US)
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the
unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth
unconditioned response (UR)
In Pavlovian conditioning, the learned response to a formerly neutral
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response (CR)
Fear conditioning and eye-blink conditioning are examples of what type of conditioning?
Classical (Pavlovain) conditioning
“Learning procedure in which the consequences
(such as obtaining a reward) of a particular
behaviour (such as pressing a bar) increase or decrease the probability of the behaviour occurring
again”
Operant conditinoining
Operant Conditioning is aka?
Instrumental conditioning
What is Thorndike’s Puzzle Box?
A box that trained a cat to learn its actions has consequences - would lead to repeated behaviour
” Subjects demonstrate
knowledge, such as a skill, conditioned response,
or recalling events on prompting, but cannot
explicitly retrieve the information”
unconscious memory - implicit memory
“Subjects can retrieve an item and indicate that they know they retrieved the correct item.”
conscious memory - explicit memory
Implicit memory = _____ memories
unconscious
Explicit memory = _____ memories
conscious
On a retention test,
participants identify the image sooner, indicating some form of memory for the image. What type of test is this?
Gollin Figure Test
During the Gollin Figure Test, how did amnesic subjects do?
also showed improvement on this test even though they didn’t recall doing it - HM is a classic example of this
People with ____ can still perform at normal on tests of implicit memory, even though they cant remember doing the task.
amnesia (loss of explicit memory)
“partial or total loss of memory”
amnesia
People with amnesia can perform normally on tests of ___ memory but not ___ memory
implicit ; explicit
“An understanding of how a problem can be solved with a rule that can be applied in many different situations”
Learning set
A learning set depends on ___ memory
implicit
“Ability to recount what one knows, to detail the time, place, and circumstances of events; often lost in amnesia”
declarative memory
____ memory is often lost in amnesia
declarative
“Ability to recall a movement sequence or how to perform
some act or behaviour”
procedural memory
From a practical point of view, there is little difference between the ___-____ distinction and the ____-____ distinction
implicit-explicit ; procedural-declarative
Pavlovian conditioning and Thorndike’s and Skinner’s operant learning are forms of
_____ learning.
implicit
Implicit information is processed in a “___-__” manner
bottom-up
Explicit information is processed in a “__-__” manner
top-down
“information is encoded the same way it was perceived”
implicit information
“subject recognizes the information before it is encoded”
explicit information
In implicit tasks, the person has a _____ role, whereas in explicit tasks, the person has an _____ role
passive ; active
“Using a stimulus to sensitize the nervous system to a later presentation of the same or a similar stimulus”
priming
priming is often used to measure ____ memory
implicit
“Information is held in memory only briefly, then discarded; involves the frontal lobes”
short term memory
“information is held in memory indefinitely, perhaps for a lifetime; involves the temporal lobe”
long term memory
long term memory involves the ____ lobe
temporal
how long does short term memory last?
a few minutes
Recall of colours activated a region in the ___ ____ lobe
ventral temporal
Recall of activation words activated a region in the ___ ____ gyrus
middle temporal
Personal and autobiographical are types of ____ explicit memory.
episodic
Facts and knowledge are types of ___ explicit memory.
semantic
Skills, habits, priming, and conditioning are examples of _____ memory
implicit
“autobiographical memory for events pegged to specific place and time contexts”
episodic memory
“inability to recall any personal experience”
episodic amnesia
Episodic amnesia is associated with ___ lobe injury or reduced blood flow to the ____ lobes
frontal
“People display virtually complete recall for events in
their lives, usually beginning around age 10”
Highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM)
People with HSAM have increased gray matter in the ___ and ___ lobes as well as increased size in the fibre projection bewteen the ___ and __ lobes
temporal and parietal ; temporal and frontal
Severity of memory disturbance related to ____, not ____ of injury
size; location
Scoville performed what type of resection on HM?
bilateral medial temporal lobe resection
Patient HM had seizures originating in the region of the _____,
____ _____, and associated subcortical
structures, so Scoville removed them bilaterally
amygdala, hippocampal formation
Following the surgery, H. M. had severe _____, lacking any ____ memory
amnesia; explicit
Could HM recall events from his childhood?
Yes, he only struggled with recalling events post surgery
HM performed well on ____ tests; his performance on ___ memory tests was left intact
perceptual; implicit
Patient Boswell developed ____ _____ ______ ; this damaged most of his ____ ____ lobes
herpes simplex encephalitis; medial temporal
Boswell suffers from sever ____ but his ____ memory is still intact
amnesia; procedural
Patient JK had an impaired ____ memory with intact _____ memory.
implicit; explicit
JK developed _____ disease in his mid 70’s and started to have memory problems at 78.
Parkinsons
What couldnt ptient JK do?
couldnt perform tasks that he had performed his whole life; eg. turning off the radio
Procedural memories probably stored within the…?
motor planning area
Patient ____ could recall mirror drawing task but never learned anything.
JK
