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PSYC 351D - Final Exam > Lecture slides - Chapter 14.4 - 14.5 > Flashcards

Lecture slides - Chapter 14.4 - 14.5 Flashcards

1
Q

Memory and learning does not occur unless what changes?

A

the brain!

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2
Q

What is Hebb’s Postulate?

A

neurons that fire together, wire together

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3
Q

____ _____ is essential for learning and memory

A

back propagation

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4
Q

LTP plays a role in _____ learning

A

associative

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5
Q

“linkage of two or more unrelated stimuli to elicit a behavioural response”

A

associative learning

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6
Q

“in response to stimulation at a synapse, changed amplitude of an excitatory postsynaptic potential that lasts for hours to days or longer”

A

LTP

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7
Q

For LTP to occur and the EPSP to increase in size, what two things must occur? (can happen individually or both can happen)

A
  1. increase the number of neurotransmitters that are released from the presynaptic membrane
  2. postsynaptic membrane must become more sensitive to the same amount of transmitter
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8
Q

When animals learn problems, we should see enhanced LTP in ___ ___

A

recruited pathways

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9
Q

LTP should produce enduring changes in ___ ____ that resembles those seen in memory

A

synaptic morphology

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10
Q

What is synaptic morphology?

A

changes in the dendritic spines

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11
Q

“decrease in EPSP size”

A

long-term depression

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12
Q

In LTD, neurons become less active in response to repeated stimulation. It involves ____ receptors and requires ___ ENTRY.

A

NMDA; Ca++ entry

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13
Q

Ca++ entry in LTD causes what two changes in morphology?

A
  • decreased responsiveness of AMPA receptors

- decreased numbers of AMPA receptors

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14
Q

What two receptors does glutamate act on (on the postsynaptic membrane)?

A
  1. AMPA

2. NMDA

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15
Q

AMPA normally responds to _____

A

glutamate

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16
Q

NMDA is a _____ gated channel that is normally blocked by ________

A

doubly; magnesium

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17
Q

What must happen for NMDA receptors to open?

A

two events must occur together in rapid sequence:

  1. depolarization of postsynaptic membrane, which displaces MG from pote (STRONG)
  2. activation by glutamate from the presynaptic neuron (WEAK)
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18
Q

What happens after the NMDA receptors open?

A

Ca enters the postsynaptic neuron, altering the postsynaptic neuron

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19
Q

After the NMDA receptors open and Ca enters, what gets altered in the postsynaptic neuron? (3)

A
  1. Increased responsiveness of AMPA receptors to glutamate
  2. Formation of new AMPA receptors
  3. Retrograde messengers that trigger more glutamate release from presynaptic neuron
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20
Q

Plasticity of ______ (inhibitory) synapses plays some fundamental role in modulating networks of excitatory neurons.

A

GABAergic

21
Q

Ca enters postsynaptic neuron and activates a ____ _____

A

second messenger

22
Q

____ alters gene expression in nucleus, which physically alters synapse. How?

A

cAMP; dendritic spines and formation or loss of synapses

23
Q

Neurons change their structure in response to their changing ____

A

experiences

24
Q

Changes in the # of dendrites can be used to infer what?

A

synaptic changes - the more dendrites = more connections

25
Q

2 effects of experience on dendrites?

A
  1. more dendritic spines

2. axon collaterals can increase

26
Q

There is evidence that ____ does occur in the mammalian brain all the time.

A

neurogenesis

27
Q

The capacity for memory improvement and correlated structural changes in the ____ extends will into adulthood.

A

hippocampus

28
Q

Being raised in an enriched culture is associated with? (6)

A
  1. increased brain weight
  2. more dendrites
  3. more astrocytes
  4. more blood capillaries
  5. more synapses per neuron
  6. increased mitochondrial volume
29
Q

Enriched experience and plasticity leading to increased mitochondrial volume is a marker of what?

A

greater metabolic activity

30
Q

High levels of estrogen = more ___ in the ____

A

dendritic spines in the hippocampus

31
Q

How can low levels of estrogen relate to memory decline in middle aged women?

A

low estrogen = more dendritic spines in neocortex but rewer in the hippocampus

32
Q

Low levels of testosterone = more what?

A

dendritic spines in the neocortex

33
Q

______ are released from the adrenal cortex in times of stress

A

glucocorticoids

34
Q

_____ assist in the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates and the control of sugar levels in the blood cells

A

glucocorticoids

35
Q

steady levels of ____ that are seen with prolonged stress may be neurotoxic; can kill _____ cells

A

glucocorticoids; hippocampal

36
Q

“Neurotrophic factor that stimulates neurons to grow dendrites and synapses and in some cases promotes the survival of neurons”

A

nerve growth factor

37
Q

“may enhance plastic changes, such ass the growth of dendrites and synapses”

A

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

38
Q

increased levels of ____ when animals learn to solve problems

A

BDNF

39
Q

What stimulates neurons to grow dendrites?

A

nerve growth factor

40
Q

Sensitization to psychoactive drugs is associated with an increased number of what three things? Where are these changes localized to?

A

receptors, synapses, and dendrites; regions that receive a large dopamine projection (prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens)

41
Q

Plastic changes are ___ specific

A

age

42
Q

Prenatal events can influence brain plasticity throughout life. This is called?

A

methylation

43
Q

Experience-dependent changes interact (________)

A

metaplasticity

44
Q

two cons of brain plasticity?

A

drug addictions and fused finger movements in musicians fingers

45
Q

What are three possible ways to recover from brain injury?

A
  1. Learn new ways to solve problems
  2. Reorganize the brain to do more with less
  3. Generate new neurons to produce new circuits
46
Q

Two examples of behavioural therapy to help with recovery from brain injury?

A

speech therapy or physiotherapy

47
Q

Two examples of pharmacological therapy to help with recovery from brain injury?

A

nerve growth factor or amphetamine

48
Q

What are some methods of lost-neuron-replacement?

A

fetal tissue implantation and epidermal growth factor

49
Q

What is the problem with using stem cells to fill injury sites?

A

Although it fills it in, the structure that exists is not the same.

PSYC 351D - Final Exam (7 decks)

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