Lecture Slides - Chapter 14.3 Flashcards
Primary structures for explicit memory are the _____ ____ region and the _____ cortex.
medial temporal; frontal
The hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex, and perirhinal cortex are primary structures for _____ memory
explicit
The parahippocampal cortex receives connections from ___ cortex; believed to take part in _____ processing
parietal; visuospatial
The ____ cortex receives connections from the visual regions of the ventral stream; believed to take part in ____ object memory
perirhinal; visual
the ____ cortex receives projections from the parahippocampal and perirhinal cortices; ____ function: first area to show cell death in ____ disease
entorhinal; integrative; Alzheimer
“using visual information to identify an objects location in space”
visuospatial memory
Monkeys with _____ lesions have difficulty learning the locations of objects
hippocampal
If you lesion the perihinal area then how does it effect the monkey in the visuo-recognition task?
cant learn memory of objects - lost ability to remember objects but can do spatial task
If you lesion the hippocampal region how does it effect the monkey in the visuo-recognition task?
cant do spatial task but they can do object task
Memory impairment is due to the size of the lesion - why is this?
because you are wiping out the connections (white matter)
Animals with good spatial memory should have bigger ____ than do species with poorer spatial memories
hippocampi
____ cells discharge when rats are in a spatial location, irrespective of orientation
place
_____ direction cells discharge whenever a rat’s head points in a particular direction
head
___ cells discharge at many locations, forming a virtual grid invariant to changes in the rats direction, movement, or speed
grid
what are the three classes of spatial cells?
place cells, head cells, grid cells
place cells and head direction cells are found in ______ and closely related structures
hippocampus
Grid cells are found in the ____ cortex, a major afferent route into the hippocampus
entorhinal
the _____ projects to the entorhinal cortex, which projects back to the _____
neocortex; neocortex
signals from the ___ ___ regions to the cortical sensory regions keep the sensory experience alive in the brain: the neural record outlasts the actual experience
medial temporal
The ___ lobe appears to participate in many forms of short-term memory
frontal
All sensory systems project to the ___ lobes
frontal
“permanent loss of the ability to learn new information and to retrieve old information”
korsakoff syndrome
Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by _____ damage from chronic alcoholism or malnutrition that produces a vitamin __ deficiency
diencephalic; B1
Concussions are what type of amnesia?
minor retrograde and anterograde
“inability to remember events that took place before the onset of amnesia”
retrograde
“inability to remember events subsequent to a disturbance of the brain”
anterograde
Mishkin and colleagues proposed a neural circuit for _____ memory
explicit
What 4 components are in the neural circuit for explicit memories?
- Temporal lobe structure
- Frontal lobe structure
- Medial thalamus
- Basal forebrain-activating systems
Reciprocal Neural Circuit Proposed for Explicit Memory:
-Sensory and motor neocortical areas connect to the ___ ___ regions
medial temporal
Temporal lobe structures are hypothesized to be central to _____ _____ memory
long-term explicit
The prefrontal cortex is central to maintaining temporary ___ memories as well as memory for the ___ of ___ events
explicit; recency; explicit
The _____ consolidates new explicit memories
hippocampus
In consolidation of a memory trace after learning, memories move from the ___ to diffuse regions in the ____. Once they move, ____ involvement is no longer needed.
hippocampus; neocortex; hippocampal
“A learning episode rapidly produces a stored memory representation that is strong in the hippocampus but weak elsewhere. Then the memory is replayed on the timescale of hours or days after the learning, leading to enhanced representations outside the hippocampus” - what is an example of this?
distributed reinstatement theory -example: rat running maze in its sleep
“re-stabilizing a memory trace after the memory is revisited”
reconsolidation
Whenever a memory is replayed in the mind, it is open to further ____. This can often lead to what?
consolidation - false memories being created
Mishkin and colleagues also proposed a circuit for implicit memory that includes what 4 main things?
- Basal Ganglia
- Ventral Thalamus
- Substantia Nigra
- Premotor Cortex
Lots of implicit memories are important for ___ planning.
motor
Why is the involvement of the BG important in the circuit for implicit memory?
Because dopamine is responsible for reward/learning and implicit learning is simple behavioural learning, therefore it uses dopamine
Implicit Circuit: The BG receives input from the entire neocortex and sends projections first to the ___ ___ and then to the ____ ____.
ventral thalamus; premotor cortex
Explain implicit and explicit memory with regard to consciousness/unconsciousness and feedback?
Explicit = conscious because it is multidirectional and has feedback
Implicit = unconscious because it is unidirectional and does not have feedback
Implicit Circuit: The BG receives widely and densely distributed projections from dopamine-producing cells in the ___ ___
substantia nigra
In explicit memory, the ___ ___ lobe projects back to the ___, making these memories conscious due to multidirectional flow.
medial temporal; cortex
What does damage to the amygdala cause with regards to memory?
abolishes emotional memory - people will become dissociated from their memories, but other then having no emotional connection, all the memories are still intact.
“memory for the affective properties of stimuli or events”
emotional
T/F - emotional memories can be ___ or ____
implicit or explicit
The ____ is critical for emotional memory
amygdala
The amygdala has close connections with ___ _____ cortical structures as well as with the rest of the cortex.
medial temporal
The amygdala sends projections to the _____ structures that control autonomic responses such as BP and HR
brainstem
The amygdala sends projections to the _____ which controls hormonal systems
hypothalamus
The amygdala sends projections to the ____ ___ ___ which affects pain perception
periaqueductal gray matter
The amygdala sends projections to the ___ ___ to tap into the implicit memory system
BG
Neural circuit for emotional memories? (6)
- Amygdala
- BG
- Brainstem
- Hypothalamus
- Medial Temporal Cortex
- Periaqueductal Gray Matter
