Lecture Slides - Chapter 14.3

Question 1

Primary structures for explicit memory are the _____ ____ region and the _____ cortex.

Answer 1

medial temporal; frontal

Question 2

The hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex, and perirhinal cortex are primary structures for _____ memory

Answer 2

explicit

Question 3

The parahippocampal cortex receives connections from ___ cortex; believed to take part in _____ processing

Answer 3

parietal; visuospatial

Question 4

The ____ cortex receives connections from the visual regions of the ventral stream; believed to take part in ____ object memory

Answer 4

perirhinal; visual

Question 5

the ____ cortex receives projections from the parahippocampal and perirhinal cortices; ____ function: first area to show cell death in ____ disease

Answer 5

entorhinal; integrative; Alzheimer

Question 6

“using visual information to identify an objects location in space”

Answer 6

visuospatial memory

Question 7

Monkeys with _____ lesions have difficulty learning the locations of objects

Answer 7

hippocampal

Question 8

If you lesion the perihinal area then how does it effect the monkey in the visuo-recognition task?

Answer 8

cant learn memory of objects - lost ability to remember objects but can do spatial task

Question 9

If you lesion the hippocampal region how does it effect the monkey in the visuo-recognition task?

Answer 9

cant do spatial task but they can do object task

Question 10

Memory impairment is due to the size of the lesion - why is this?

Answer 10

because you are wiping out the connections (white matter)

Question 11

Animals with good spatial memory should have bigger ____ than do species with poorer spatial memories

Answer 11

hippocampi

Question 12

____ cells discharge when rats are in a spatial location, irrespective of orientation

Answer 12

place

Question 13

_____ direction cells discharge whenever a rat’s head points in a particular direction

Answer 13

head

Question 14

___ cells discharge at many locations, forming a virtual grid invariant to changes in the rats direction, movement, or speed

Answer 14

grid

Question 15

what are the three classes of spatial cells?

Answer 15

place cells, head cells, grid cells

Question 16

place cells and head direction cells are found in ______ and closely related structures

Answer 16

hippocampus

Question 17

Grid cells are found in the ____ cortex, a major afferent route into the hippocampus

Answer 17

entorhinal

Question 18

the _____ projects to the entorhinal cortex, which projects back to the _____

Answer 18

neocortex; neocortex

Question 19

signals from the ___ ___ regions to the cortical sensory regions keep the sensory experience alive in the brain: the neural record outlasts the actual experience

Answer 19

medial temporal

Question 20

The ___ lobe appears to participate in many forms of short-term memory

Answer 20

frontal

Question 21

All sensory systems project to the ___ lobes

Answer 21

frontal

Question 22

“permanent loss of the ability to learn new information and to retrieve old information”

Answer 22

korsakoff syndrome

Question 23

Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by _____ damage from chronic alcoholism or malnutrition that produces a vitamin __ deficiency

Answer 23

diencephalic; B1

Question 24

Concussions are what type of amnesia?

Answer 24

minor retrograde and anterograde

Question 25

“inability to remember events that took place before the onset of amnesia”

Answer 25

retrograde

Question 26

“inability to remember events subsequent to a disturbance of the brain”

Answer 26

anterograde

Question 27

Mishkin and colleagues proposed a neural circuit for _____ memory

Answer 27

explicit

Question 28

What 4 components are in the neural circuit for explicit memories?

Answer 28

• Temporal lobe structure
• Frontal lobe structure
• Medial thalamus
• Basal forebrain-activating systems

Question 29

Reciprocal Neural Circuit Proposed for Explicit Memory:

-Sensory and motor neocortical areas connect to the ___ ___ regions

Answer 29

medial temporal

Question 30

Temporal lobe structures are hypothesized to be central to _____ _____ memory

Answer 30

long-term explicit

Question 31

The prefrontal cortex is central to maintaining temporary ___ memories as well as memory for the ___ of ___ events

Answer 31

explicit; recency; explicit

Question 32

The _____ consolidates new explicit memories

Answer 32

hippocampus

Question 33

In consolidation of a memory trace after learning, memories move from the ___ to diffuse regions in the ____. Once they move, ____ involvement is no longer needed.

Answer 33

hippocampus; neocortex; hippocampal

Question 34

“A learning episode rapidly produces a stored memory representation that is strong in the hippocampus but weak elsewhere. Then the memory is replayed on the timescale of hours or days after the learning, leading to enhanced representations outside the hippocampus” - what is an example of this?

Answer 34

distributed reinstatement theory -example: rat running maze in its sleep

Question 35

“re-stabilizing a memory trace after the memory is revisited”

Answer 35

reconsolidation

Question 36

Whenever a memory is replayed in the mind, it is open to further ____. This can often lead to what?

Answer 36

consolidation - false memories being created

Question 37

Mishkin and colleagues also proposed a circuit for implicit memory that includes what 4 main things?

Answer 37

1. Basal Ganglia
2. Ventral Thalamus
3. Substantia Nigra
4. Premotor Cortex

Question 38

Lots of implicit memories are important for ___ planning.

Answer 38

motor

Question 39

Why is the involvement of the BG important in the circuit for implicit memory?

Answer 39

Because dopamine is responsible for reward/learning and implicit learning is simple behavioural learning, therefore it uses dopamine

Question 40

Implicit Circuit: The BG receives input from the entire neocortex and sends projections first to the ___ ___ and then to the ____ ____.

Answer 40

ventral thalamus; premotor cortex

Question 41

Explain implicit and explicit memory with regard to consciousness/unconsciousness and feedback?

Answer 41

Explicit = conscious because it is multidirectional and has feedback

Implicit = unconscious because it is unidirectional and does not have feedback

Question 42

Implicit Circuit: The BG receives widely and densely distributed projections from dopamine-producing cells in the ___ ___

Answer 42

substantia nigra

Question 43

In explicit memory, the ___ ___ lobe projects back to the ___, making these memories conscious due to multidirectional flow.

Answer 43

medial temporal; cortex

Question 44

What does damage to the amygdala cause with regards to memory?

Answer 44

abolishes emotional memory - people will become dissociated from their memories, but other then having no emotional connection, all the memories are still intact.

Question 45

“memory for the affective properties of stimuli or events”

Answer 45

emotional

Question 46

T/F - emotional memories can be ___ or ____

Answer 46

implicit or explicit

Question 47

The ____ is critical for emotional memory

Answer 47

amygdala

Question 48

The amygdala has close connections with ___ _____ cortical structures as well as with the rest of the cortex.

Answer 48

medial temporal

Question 49

The amygdala sends projections to the _____ structures that control autonomic responses such as BP and HR

Answer 49

brainstem

Question 50

The amygdala sends projections to the _____ which controls hormonal systems

Answer 50

hypothalamus

Question 51

The amygdala sends projections to the ____ ___ ___ which affects pain perception

Answer 51

periaqueductal gray matter

Question 52

The amygdala sends projections to the ___ ___ to tap into the implicit memory system

Answer 52

BG

Question 53

Neural circuit for emotional memories? (6)

Answer 53

• Amygdala
• BG
• Brainstem
• Hypothalamus
• Medial Temporal Cortex
• Periaqueductal Gray Matter