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Biology 150 > Lecture Slides 6, 7, 8, 9: Nervous System & Endocrine System (Midterm 2) > Flashcards

Lecture Slides 6, 7, 8, 9: Nervous System & Endocrine System (Midterm 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 main subdivisions of the nervous system?

A

–Central nervous system (CNS):
brain and spinal cord
–Peripheral nervous system (PNS):
sensory receptors and nerves

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2
Q

What is a sensory receptor?

A

ending of neurons or
separate, specialized cells that detect such things
as temperature, pain, touch, pressure, light,
sound, odors

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3
Q

What is a nerve?

A

a bundle of axons and their sheaths that
connects CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and
glands

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4
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

collection of neuron cell bodies outside
CNS

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5
Q

What is a plexus?

A

extensive network of axons, and
sometimes neuron cell bodies, located outside
CNS

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6
Q

What are the 2 nerve types found in the PNS?

A
  • Sensory (afferent):
    transmits action
    potentials from receptors
    to CNS.
  • Motor (efferent):
    transmits action
    potentials from CNS to
    effectors (muscles,
    glands)
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7
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the PNS’ Motor Division

A

Somatic Nervous System, and Autonomic Nervous System

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8
Q

what does the somatic nervous system do?

A

Controls skeletal muscles, conscious thought, and is a SINGLE neuron system.

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9
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the ANS, Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, and Enteric.

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10
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System do?

A

– Subconscious or involuntary control.
– Two neuron system: first from CNS to ganglion; second from ganglion to
effector.

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11
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Prepares the body for movement, this is out fight or flight system

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12
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Regulates resting or vegetative functions such as
digesting food or emptying of the urinary bladder.

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13
Q

What does the enteric nervous system do?

A

plexuses within the wall of the digestive tract. Can control the digestive tract independently of the CNS, but still considered part of ANS because of the parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons that
contribute to the plexi.

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14
Q

What is a Neuron?

A

Neurons or nerve cells
receive stimuli and
transmit action
potentials
– Organization
* Cell body or soma
* Dendrites: input
* Axons: output

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15
Q

what is a Neuroglia?

A

Neuroglia or glial cells
– Support and protect
neurons

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16
Q

What makes up the cell body of a neuron?

A

Cell Body. Nucleus, Nissl Bodies.
– Nissl bodies = rough E.R: primary site
of protein synthesis.

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17
Q

What part of a dendrite interfaces with axons?

A

Dendritic spines

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18
Q

what happens at a synaptic terminals?

A

electrical signal gets converted to a chemical message

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19
Q

where is the trigger zone on an neuron?

A

at the axon hillock is where action potentials are generated.

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20
Q

what fluid fills the inner space of an axon

A

axoplasm, which carries nutrients in the cell, or viruses like herpes to the CNS

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21
Q

afferent is?

A

sensory, toward CNS

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22
Q

efferent is?

A

motor, away from CNS

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23
Q

interneurons or association neurons are?

A

within CNS or move signals from one neuron to another

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24
Q

most neurons in CNS, and all motor neurons are…

A

multipolar

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25
Q

where can bipolar neurons be found?

A

as sensory in the retina and the nose

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26
Q

what are unipolar cells?

A

cell bodies with a single dendrite-like periphery. Found in invertebrates

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27
Q

what does an astrocyte do?

A

forms the blood-brain barrier

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28
Q

what do ependymal cells do?

A

forms choroid plexus, which secretes cerebrospinal fluid. The cilia on its surface move CSF thru the brain.

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29
Q

what do microglia do?

A

phagocytize dead or foreign tissue, immune function in CNS. Macrophage

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30
Q

what do oligodendrocytes?

A

form myelin sheaths, found in CNS

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31
Q

what are schwann cells? (neurolemmocytes)

A

wraps axons to create myelin sheath. found in PNS

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32
Q

12 cranial nerves? o o o t t a f v g v a h & ssmmbmbsbbmm

A

olfactory - smell
optic - vision
oculomotor - eye motor
trochlear - motor to superior oblique muscle of eye
trigeminal - sensory in jaw
abducens - motor to lateral rectus muscle of eye
facial - motor to facial muscles
vestibulocochlear - hearing and balance
glossopharyngeal - sensory to inner throat
vagus - voice control
hypoglossal - motor to tongue
accessory - motor to sternocleidomastoid and traps

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33
Q

function of cerebellum

A

motion, balance, posture

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34
Q

function of cerebrum

A

thought, control of muscle

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35
Q

function of superior colliculi

A

visual reflex, receives info from inferior colliculi

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36
Q

function of inferior colliculi

A

hearing

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37
Q

function of cerebellar peduncles

A

has superior, middle, and inferior peduncles that communicate with brainstem parts: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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38
Q

what are purkinje cells

A

high functioning neurons capable of 200,000 synapses a second

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39
Q

function of floculonodular lobe

A

balance and eye movement

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40
Q

function of vermis

A

fine motor control

41
Q

function of lateral hemispheres of cerebellum

A

complex movements, works with cerebrum

42
Q

function of pineal gland

A

causes sleepiness, regulates biological clock

43
Q

function of habenular nucleus, in epithalamus

A

response to odor

44
Q

what are mammilary bodies

A

bulges on anterior of hypothalamus, response to odor

45
Q

function of infundibulum

A

controls endocrine system, connects hypothalamus to posterior pituitary

46
Q

precentral gyrus is

A

primary motor cortex

47
Q

postcentral gyrus is

A

primary somatic sensory cortex

48
Q

function of frontal lobe

A

motor function, motivation, aggression, smell, mood

49
Q

function of parietal lobe

A

sensory info, except smell, hearing vision

50
Q

function of occipital lobe

A

reception and integration of visual input

51
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

sensory info for smell, hearing. Memory, abstract thought. Insula is within

52
Q

function of basal nuclei

A

motor function

53
Q

what are nuclei in the cerebrum called

A

corpus striatum

54
Q

function of limbic system

A

survival needs, emotion

55
Q

what type of fluid is in the subdural space

A

serous fluid

56
Q

what type of fluid is in the subarachnoid space

A

CSF

57
Q

where are the venous sinuses found

A

in the dura mater deep folds, falx… tentorium

58
Q

function of CSF

A

provides cushion, and nutrients to CNS

59
Q

what is the circle of willis

A

combo of internal carotid and vertebral arteries, prevents loss of circulation in brain

60
Q

what regulates secretions of the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

61
Q

where are neurohormones secreted

A

posterior petuitary

62
Q

what hormones are released from anterior pituitary

A

–GHRH. Growth hormone-releasing hormone. Causes the anterior pituitary to release growth hormone.

–TRH. Thyroid-releasing hormone. Causes the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

–CRH. Corticotropin-releasing hormone. Causes anterior pituitary to produce adrenocorticotropic hormone.

–GnRH. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Causes anterior pituitary to produce FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone).

–PRH. Prolactin-releasing hormone. Causes the anterior pituitary to release prolactin.

*Inhibiting hormones:
–GHIH. Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, somatostatin. Causes the anterior pituitary to decrease release of growth hormone.

–PIH. Prolactin-inhibiting hormone. Causes the anterior pituitary to decrease release of prolactin.

63
Q

what hormones are released from posterior pituitary

A

ADH antidiuretic hormone - regulates blood pressure + water retention

64
Q

hormones of the thyroid gland are…

A

T3, T4 which affect metabolism rate and temperature

65
Q

where is calcitonin secreted

A

parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland

66
Q

what does calcitonin do

A

decreases calcium concentration in bloodstream, bone growth

67
Q

function of parathyroid

A

increases blood calcium concentration, bone breakdown

68
Q

function of adrenal glands

A

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, prepares body for fight & flight

69
Q

hormones of adrenal cortex

A

*Mineralocorticoids: Zona glomerulosa–Aldosterone produced in greatest amounts. Increases rate of sodium reabsorption by kidneys increasing sodium blood levels

*Glucocorticoids: Zona fasciculata–Cortisol is major hormone. Increases fat and protein breakdown, increases glucose synthesis, decreases inflammatory response

*Androgens: Zona reticularis–Weak androgens secreted then converted to testosterone by peripheral tissues. Stimulate pubic and axillary hair growth and sexual drive in females

70
Q

function of pancreas

A

releases digestive enzymes to small intestine, as well as glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin

71
Q

insulin function

A

increase uptake of glucose and amino acids by cells

72
Q

glucagon function

A

causes breakdown of glycogen and fats for energy

73
Q

where are tears produced

A

lacriminal gland

74
Q

function of puncta

A

collects tears

75
Q

function of lacriminal canaliculi

A

collects tears from puncta

76
Q

function of sclera

A

maintains eye shape, muscle attachment points, dense collagenous connective tissue with elastic fibres

77
Q

function of cornea

A

collagen, elastic fibers, proteoglycans. allows light to enter eye, bends and refracts light.

78
Q

what is the middle layer of the eye

A

vascular tunic

79
Q

function of iris

A

colored, controls light entering the pupil, smooth muscles: sphincter pupillae & dilator pupillae

80
Q

function of ciliary body in eye

A

produces aqueous humor that fills anterior chamber

81
Q

what do ciliary muscles do

A

control shape of the lens, when relaxed the lens in more convex

82
Q

what is the small yellow spot in the eye called

A

macula lutea

83
Q

function of fovea centralis

A

tightly packed photoreceptor cells

84
Q

function of optic disc

A

blind spot. blood vessels and nerves pathway in eye

85
Q

function of anterior compartments (anterior and posterior chambers)

A

ocular pressure via aqueous humor, refracts light

86
Q

function of posterior compartment

A

ocular pressure, filled with vitreous humor, holds lens and retina in place

87
Q

what is emmetropia

A

resting position of lens, ciliary muscle is relaxed and lens is flat

88
Q

what is the ear called

A

auricle

89
Q

function of tympanic membrane

A

separates external and middle ears

90
Q

what holds the stapes in place

A

annular ligament

91
Q

what are the ear follicles called

A

stereocilia, which release potassium when triggered

92
Q

how do we hear

A
  1. Sound waves strike the
    tympanic membrane and
    cause it to vibrate.
  2. Vibration of the tympanic
    membrane causes the three
    bones of the middle ear to
    vibrate.
  3. The foot plate of the stapes
    vibrates in the oval window.
  4. Vibration of the foot plate
    causes the perilymph in the
    scala vestibuli to vibrate.
  5. Vibration of the perilymph
    causes displacement of the
    basilar membrane. Short
    waves (high pitch) cause
    displacement of the basilar
    membrane near the oval
    window, and longer waves
    (low pitch) cause
    displacement of the basilar
    membrane some distance
    from the oval window.
    Movement of the basilar
    membrane is detected in the
    hair cells of the spiral organ,
    which are attached to the
    basilar membrane
  6. Vibrations of the
    perilymph in the scala
    vestibuli and of the
    endolymph in the
    cochlear duct are
    transferred to the
    perilymph of the scala
    tympani.
  7. Vibrations in the
    perilymph of the scala
    tympani are transferred
    to the round window,
    where they are
    dampened.
93
Q

what is an attenuation reflex

A

muscles contract during loud noises to prevent damage

94
Q

what evaluates head POSITION and ACCELERATION

A

utricle and saccule of the vestibule

95
Q

what evaluates head 3D movement

A

semicircular canals, sagittal, coronal, transverse

96
Q

what are otoliths

A

small masses in the macula of the utricle and saccule. They detect head position or acceleration due to gravity, with the help of stereocilia and one kinocilium. Static labyrinth

97
Q

what fills the kinetic labyrinth

A

endolymph

98
Q

the base of each semicircular canal is expanded into a

A

ampulla

99
Q

what are cupula

A

floats in semicircular canals in the kinetic labyrinth, displaced by endolymph to create sense of balance

Biology 150 (16 decks)

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