2: Tissues and Integumentary System Flashcards
The 4 different types of tissue
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
Is epithelium vascular?
No. It is avascular
What are the 4 functions of epithelia
protection against friction
permits the passage of some substances
secretion
absorption
what are the two cell surface modifications of epithelial cells
Microvilli and Cilia
what are the 3 layer classifications of epithelia called
simple, stratified, pseudostratified
what are the 3 shapes that epithelial cells can be
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
what are the 4 characteristics of simple epithelial tissue
allows diffusion of gasses, filtration of blood, secretion, absorption
what are the functional characteristics of stratified epithelial tissue
protection against abrasion
what are the 2 functional characteristics of squamous epithelium
allows diffusion, acts as filter
what is the shared functional characteristic of cuboidal and columnar epithelium
secretion or absorption. May include goblet cells that produce and secrete mucus
simple squamous epithelium
1 layer of flat cells
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
1 layer of cuboid cells
simple columnar epithelium
1 layer of columnar cells
stratified squamous epithelium
multi-layered flat cells, but cuboidal at its basal layer
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
multi-layered cuboid cells
stratified columnar epithelium
multi-layered columnar cells
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
1 layer of columnar cells that APPEAR to be multi-layered but are not
transitional epithelium
stratified cells that change shape depending on distention of the organ. Accommodates change in liquid levels.
desmosomes
disc shaped regions of cell membrane that help bind epithelial cells together. Contain glycoprotein aggregate and extend protein filaments into cytoplasm of adjacent cell to create a double-lock
hemidesmosomes
one half of a desmosome. attach epithelial cells to basement membrane
zonula adherens
between adjacent cells. Weak glue. Holds layers of simple epithelium together.
zonula occludens
permeability barrier between simple epithelium. Strong glue. Chemicals cannot pass between cells
Gap Junctions
protein channels that aid in intercellular communication. Allows ions and small molecules to pass.
One of the reason why cardiac muscle fires all at once.
What type of tissue are glands made of
epithelium with supporting connective tissue
what are the 2 types of glands
endocrine. releases hormones into body.
exocrine. releases chemicals into environment.
what are the 2 structures of exocrine glands
unicellular (goblet cells) and multicellular
what are the multicellular exocrine gland types
simple. few branches. eg. alveoli
compound. many branches. eg. acini in pancreas
what are the 3 types of glandular secretion types
merocrine, no part of the cell breaks off
apocrine, small part of the cell breaks off
holocrine, whole cell becomes part of secretion and dies in the process
what is in the space between connective tissue cells
intercellular ground matrix
connective tissue cells
adipose, mast cells (immune), white blood cells, macrophages, undifferentiated mesenchyme (stem cells)
what are 3 connective fibers found in extracellular matrix
collagen, reticular, elastic connective tissues. these tissues run through the ground substance.
proteoglycan aggregate
protein sugar. traps large amount of water.
hyaluronic acid
a polysaccharide found in proteoglycan aggregate
areolar connective tissue
loose tissue, acts as a packing material in organs and tissues. Found in hypodermis.
dense regular elastic. c.t.
dense irregular collagenous c.t.
multidirectional rigid connective tissue found in scar tissue and innermost layer of the dermis
dense irregular elastic c.t.
multidirectional strong elastic tissue. found in the aorta walls.
adipose tissue
has both white and brown types. acts as cushioning and as fuel storage.
white is common type that yellows with age. brown is located around organs and is considered to boost metabolism.
reticular tissue
tightly packed tissue containing white blood cells and hemopoietic tissues that can filter blood plasma.
cartilage
contain lacunae that contain nuclei. avascular and has no nerve supply. fed nutrients by the perichondrium which surrounds cartilage that contain fibroblasts that can differentiate into chondroblasts.
what are the 3 types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
what is the makeup of hyaline cartilage, and where is it found in the body?
lots of collagen, very dense and is found in the body where strong support and some flexibility are needed. eg. cartilage rings in trachea
what is the makeup of fibrocartilage, and where is it found in the body?
thick collagen fibers distributed in a proteoglycan matrix. Found where there is a great deal of pressure on joints. Knee, jaw, between vertebrae.
what is the makeup of elastic cartilage, and where is it found in the body?
elastic and collagen fibred embedded in proteoglycans. Rigid but elastic. Ears, epiglottis.
what is the composition of bone?
composed of living osteocytes and a mineralized matrix of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate = concrete).
what are the two types of bone?
compact and cancellous
where is cancellous bone found?
trabeculae of bone with spaces in between. inside bones
where is compact bone found?
arranged in concentric circle layers around a central canal which contains a blood vessel. Found on periphery of bones.
what is hemopoietic tissue?
forms blood cells.
what is the purpose of red marrow?
Red bone marrow contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets.
what is the purpose of yellow bone marrow?
Yellow bone marrow is made mostly of fat and contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells.
where is hemopoietic tissue found?
found in bone marrow, both red and yellow.
what are two characteristics of muscle tissue?
ability to contract, or shorten with force. Moves entire body and pumps blood.
what are the 3 types of muscle fibers
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
what does skeletal muscle tissue do?
most attached to skeletons, but some attached to other types of connected tissue. striated and contracts voluntarily.
what does striated mean?
marked with long, thin, parallel lines
what does cardiac muscle do?
muscle of the heart, striated and involuntarily contracts.
what does smooth muscle do?
muscle associated with tubular structures and with the skin. nonstriated and involuntarily contracts.
whats do neurons have the ability to produce?
action potentials
what are the 3 parts of a neuron?
dendrite, cell body, axon.
what does the cell body of a neuron do?
holds the nucleus of the nerve cell.
what does an axon do?
conducts impulses away from cell body, usually only 1 per neuron
what does a dendrite do?
receives impulses from other neurons. Can be many per neuron.
what are the different types of neurons?
unipolar (invertebrates only), bipolar (1 axon 1 dendrite), or multipolar (1 axon, 2+ dendrites)
