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PHYSIOLOGY > Lecture - Regulation of Arterial Pressure, Arteries & Veins, Microcirculation > Flashcards

Lecture - Regulation of Arterial Pressure, Arteries & Veins, Microcirculation Flashcards

1
Q

Most important factor

A

Vascular resistance

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2
Q

Right cardiac nerve affects:

A

Heart rate

If left cardiac nerve: Contractility

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3
Q

Stroke volume if ESV is 90 and EDV is 60:

A

30 mL/secs

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4
Q

Exchange of macromolecules:

A

Transcytosis

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5
Q

Which among the following is a vasodilator?

A

ANP

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6
Q

RBC except:

A

Deformity

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7
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?

A

Compliance is high in UNPHYSIOLOGICAL TRANSMURAL PRESSURE

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8
Q

Vascular velocity is higher in which among the following?

A

Higher in VEINS than in VENULES

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9
Q

Protective effect of * not prone to rupture?

A

BERNOUILLI LAW

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10
Q

Vasoconstriction in blood vessels by G alpha q, increase in PLC on what receptor?

A

ALPHA1

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11
Q

Neurotransmitter in fight or flight response of MUSCLE?

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

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12
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?

A

Aortic arch saturates at 200mmHg

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13
Q

Blood flows in a vessel, requirement is Poiseuille’s Law EXCEPT?

A

NON-NEWTONIAN

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14
Q

Fahreaus-Lindqvist law?

A

AOTA: (Axial accumulation, Tank threading, Limited number of Laminae in small vessels)

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15
Q

Most of the resistance to venous return occurs in the

a. Arterioles
b. Veins
c. Small arteries
d. Capillaries

A

A. Arterioles

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16
Q

An increase in pressure inside the vessel will result to the following except:

a. Increase vessel radius
b. Decrease resistance to flow
c. Increase blood flow
d. Decrease tension within the vessel

A

d. Decrease tension within the vessel

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17
Q

The rapidly acting blood pressure control mechanism involve the following except:

a. Renal blood volume aldosterone pressure control
b. Baroreceptor mechanism
c. Capillary fluid shift mechanism
d. Chemoreceptor mechanism

A

a. Renal blood volume aldosterone pressure control

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18
Q

When elevated blood volume increases the cardiac output, the blood flow increases in all the tissues of the body. As a response, the blood
vessels constrict by increasing the total peripheral resistance. This is:
a. Hyperviscosity syndrome
b. Plasma skimming effect
c. Neural reflex regulation
d. Local tissue autoregulation

A

d. Local tissue autoregulation

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19
Q 
As	the	heart	beats,	 fluctuation	in	pressure	are	transmitted	throughout	the	CVS	system.	The	difference	between	the	maximum	pressure	and	
minimum	pressure	is	called
a. Mean	blood	pressure
b. Pulse	pressure
c. Pulmonary	pressure
d. Venous	compliance
A

B. Pulse pressure

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20
Q

The following increases pressure difference except:

a. Reduced vessel compliance
b. Increase stroke volume
c. Increase venous return
d. Increase heart rate (PP is inversely proportional to HR)

A

d. Increase heart rate (PP is inversely proportional to HR)

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21
Q

Region of greatest resistance

a. Small arteries and arterioles
b. Aorta
c. Capillaries
d. Veins

A

a. Small arteries and arterioles

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22
Q

The best known of the mechanism for arterial control:

a. Renin-angiotensin response
b. Baroreceptor reflex response
c. Chemoreceptor response
d. Aldosterone response

A

b. Baroreceptor reflex response

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23
Q

The rate of lymph flow is determined by:

a. Geometry of the vessel
b. Non-Newtonian property
c. Lymphatic pump
d. Osmotic colloid pressure

A

d. Osmotic colloid pressure

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24
Q

The systemic circulation is characterized by the following except:

a. 85% systemic blood volume
b. 20% systemic arterial volume
c. 15% high pressure
d. 55 % low pressure (it should be 80%)

A

d. 55 % low pressure (it should be 80%)

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25
Q

The most important determinant of blood viscosity

a. Tube geometry
b. Venous return
c. Ratio of RBC to plasma
d. Plasma proteins

A

d. Plasma proteins

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26
Q

Fahreus-Lindquest effect result to the following except:

a. Increase viscosity (viscosity decreases steeply at lower radii)
b. Reduce peripheral resistance
c. Increase blood flow
d. Reduction of hematocrit from 45% to 27%

A

a. Increase viscosity (viscosity decreases steeply at lower radii)

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27
Q

Causes of Fahreus-Lindquest phenomenon:

a. Plasma skimming effect
b. Tone treading in small capillary vessels
c. RBC deformation and limited laminae number
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

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28
Q

Effective viscosity of blood depends on the following except:

a. Fibrinogen concentration
b. Vessel radius
c. Curvilinear velocity
d. Temperature

A

c. Curvilinear velocity

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29
Q

Blood flows in a blood vessel through Poiseulle’s law principle that requires:

a. An incompressible, non-pulsatile fluid
b. A straight, rigid, cylindrical, unbranched tube with constant radius
c. A constant viscosity with Newtonian character
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

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30
Q

Insignificant arteriolar reflex control involves
a. Sympathetic nervous system arteriolar dilation to skeletal muscle
B. Parasympathetic nervous system effect
c. Hormonal angiotensin vasoconstrictive effect
d. Sympathetic vasodilatory effect to skin

A

a. Sympathetic nervous system arteriolar dilation to skeletal muscle

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31
Q

Which of the following statement is/are true:

a. The exchange of macromolecules across capillaries can occur by transcytosis
b. Fluid transfer across capillaries is convective
c. Fluid transfer across capillaries depends on Starling’s forces: hydrostatic and osmotic forces
d. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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32
Q

Even if radius is very narrow, resistance is not of critical importance in the capillaries for the following reason/s:

a. It has greater cross-sectional area
b. It has no vascular smooth muscle cells
c. It has huge total number of vessels
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

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33
Q

Which of the following controls the regional blood flow:

a. Sympathetic nervous system
b. Myogenic autoregulatory mechanism
c. Metabolic and endothelial mechanism
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

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34
Q

The following are vasoactive (vasodilators) agents produced by endothelial cells except:

a. Endothelin (vasoconstrictor)
b. Nitric oxide
c. Endothelin-derived hyperpolarizing factor
d. Prostacyclin

A

a. Endothelin (vasoconstrictor)

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35
Q

What is the most characteristic feature of the brain vasculature that protects the brain from drugs that act on other organs:

a. Autoregulatory property
b. Blood-brain barrier property
c. Myogenic property
d. Cushing’s reflex property

A

b. Blood-brain barrier property

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36
Q

An increase in arterial pressure that occurs in response to an increase in intracranial pressure:

a. Baroreceptor reflex
b. Chemoreceptor reflex
c. Cushing’s reflex
d. Atrial receptor reflex

A

c. Cushing’s reflex

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37
Q

The following result to an elevated pulse pressure except:

a. Increase compliance (PP is inversely proportional to C)
b. Increase stroke volume
c. Decrease peripheral resistance
d. Decrease heart rate

A

a. Increase compliance (PP is inversely proportional to C)

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38
Q

Which of the following is/are true of venous and thoracoabdominal pump:

a. Accelerates venous return to the heart
b. Decreases capillary filtration pressure and edema formation
c. Decreases capillary filtration pressure
d. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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39
Q 
Inhibition	 of	 the	 vasomotor	 center,	 with	 vagal	 center	 excitation	 resulting	 to	 vasodilation,	 reduce	 heart	 rate	 and	 cardiac	 contraction,	 is	 an	
overall	body	response	to:
a. CNS	ischemic	response
b. Atrial	receptor	reflex
c. Baroreceptor	reflex
d. Chemoreceptor	reflex
A

c. Baroreceptor reflex

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40
Q

Long term control of the blood pressure involves the following hormonal regulatory hormones except:

a. Renin from the justaglomerular junction of the kidney
b. Angiotensin II vasoconstrictive effect
c. Aldosterone action on sodium and water absorption at the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney
d. Cortisol and catecholamine vasoconstrictive effects

A

d. Cortisol and catecholamine vasoconstrictive effects

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41
Q

The profile of blood flow through the coronary arteries depends on:

a. The perfusion pressure in the aorta
b. The ejection fraction of the heart
c. Extravascular compression of the contracting left ventricles
d. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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42
Q

The effect of hemorrhage on the cardiovascular function in a 30 year old bleeding pregnant female is/are the following except:

a. Decrease central blood volume and venous return
b. Sympathetic stimulation through vessel receptor responses
c. Decrease release of renin and angiotensin hormones
d. Increase total peripheral resistance and cardiac output

A

c. Decrease release of renin and angiotensin hormones

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43
Q

The rapid compensatory reaction when blood volume is reduced are the following except:

a. Lesser stretching of arterial baroreceptor
b. Increased parasympathetic output
c. Generalized vasoconstriction sparing the vessels of the brain
d. Coronary vasodilation

A

b. Increased parasympathetic output

44
Q

Long term compensatory reaction to blood loss:

a. Replacement of plasma protein losses by hepatic synthesis
b. Increase reticulocyte count
c. Increase 2,3-DPG concentration in RBC
d. All are true

A

D. All are true

45
Q

False about atrial reflex?

A

The most extensibly studied high pressure reflex

46
Q

Aldosterone will

A

Increase blood pressure

47
Q

Processes that provide long term response to changes

A

Renal Regulation

48
Q

During exercise, cardiac output may rise to 5x resting value in most people. This is due mainly to increase in _____________.

A

End Diastolic Volume

49
Q

Mechanism that do not help regulate blood pressure includes

A

Dural Sinus Reflex

50
Q

Short term control of blood pressure mediated by the nervous system and blood borne chemicals primarily operate via all, EXCEPT:

A

Altering Blood Volume

51
Q

Harriet, who has been exercising strenuously decided to sit down and rest in response to the effects of exercising

A

The baroreceptor stimulates cardioinhibitory and inhibits the vasomotor area

52
Q

Cardiac output may drop from lying to standing up because of

A

Venous Pooling

53
Q

Low blood pressure stimulated the secretion of the mineralocorticoid:

A

Aldosterone

54
Q

Hormones that reduce blood pressure

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

55
Q

True about vascular function curve

A

Mean circulatory pressure is the central

venous pressure when cardiac output is zero

56
Q

Carotid sinus baroreceptors

A

Rate of firing is greater with a large pulse pressure

57
Q

False statement for parasympathetic input to the heart

A

Norepinephrine is released by postganglionic

58
Q

Atrial stretch receptor

A

Regulate the release of ANP

59
Q

Patient who received cardiac transplant are able to increase cardiac output during exercise for which reason

A

Increase venous return results in increased stroke volume

60
Q

Increase in mean arterial pressure will result:

A

All:

  • Increase heart rate
  • Increase stroke volume
  • Increase cardiac output
61
Q

True about MAP (mean arterial pressure)

A

Dependent in arterial compliance

62
Q

Anastomoses in circle of willis protect the blood supply to the brain which is

A

15% of cardiac output

63
Q

The following happens when there is a local increase in brain metabolism (decrease PO2, increase PCO2, decrease extracellular pH), EXCEPT

A

Decrease intracellular pH causes weak vasodilation

64
Q

Cerebral resistance vessels are inherently responsive to changes in their transmural pressure, which is

A

Increase in pressure will lead to vasoconstriction and decrease in pressure will lead to vasodilation

65
Q

Less tolerant to ischemia

A

Brain

66
Q

Why is the profile of flow to the right is different from the left coronary artery

A

There is lower tension by right side of the heart

Right coronary artery does not occlude

67
Q

Coronary circulation receives __% resting cardiac output

A

5%

68
Q

Profile of blood flow to coronary artery depends on

A

Perfusion pressure Extravascular compression

69
Q

Collateral vessel growth can provide blood flow to ischemic region, what is the stimulus

A

Angiogenic molecules

Changes in mechanics

70
Q

During exercise, skeletal muscle undergoes rhythmic changes in length and tension giving rise to mechanical forces within the tissue and analogous to beating heart

TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

71
Q

Where is the important site of blood flow control in skeletal muscle

A

Proximal to microvessels that are indirect contact with the muscle fibers

72
Q

Primary stimulus triggering vasodilation is the release of vasolator substances from the active to muscle fiber in proportion to energy expenditure

TRUE or FALSE

A

True

73
Q

True about skeletal muscle at rest

A

Vascular resistance is high

74
Q

Splanchnic circulation serves as

A 
All:
- Site of adjustable resistance
- Major reservoir of blood
- Regulator of total peripheral
resistance
75
Q

Sympathetic activity indirectly constricts splanchnic vessels whereas parasympathetic directly dilates them

TRUE or FALSE

A

False

76
Q

Primary blood supply to stomach, pancreas, spleen

A

Celiac Artery

77
Q

Increased blood flow with the ingestion and digestion of meal reflects interplay of different factors, EXCEPT

A

Absorption of nutrients generates hypo osmolar

78
Q

Not true about apical and non apical skin

A

Non apical skin has both sympathetic neurons that release norepinephrine and parasympathetic neurons that release acetylcholine (only sympathetic neurons release both norepi and acetylcholine)

79
Q

Reaction produced after local release of histamine

A

Red Reaction

80
Q

Blood flow of skin is what neural control

A

Sympathetic

81
Q

Vasodilation in on apical skin occurs in response to

A

Sympathetic neurons that release acetylcholine

82
Q

Increase pressure inside the following will

result to the following except

A

Decreased tension with the vessels

83
Q

Region of greatest resistance

A

Small arteries and arterioles

84
Q

Systemic circulation characterized by the

following, except

A

55% low pressure

85
Q

Even if the radius is very narrow, capillary
resistance is not of critical importance
following reasons except

A

Low endothelial cells

86
Q

The following results to elevated pulse pressure

A

Increase compliance

87
Q 
Mean systemic filling pressure
A. Overall compliance of vascular 
system
B. Change in tone
C. Blood volume changes
D. All of the above
A

D. All of the above

88
Q 
The following are vasoconstrictors except
A. Arginine
B. Vasopressors
C. Endothelin
D. A and B
A

D. A and B

89
Q

Exchange of macromolecules across

capillaries occurs by

A

Transcytosis

90
Q

blood vessels require all of the
following except:

A. Constant viscosity
B. Non newtonian character
C. Straight and unbranched tube in
constant radius

A

B. Non newtonian character

91
Q

determinant of viscosity

A

Ration of RBC

92
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: For the regulation of microcirculation,
smooth muscle tone determines resistance in capillary bed in arterioles

A

TRUE

93
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: For the regulation of microcirculation,
smooth muscle tone determines resistance
in capillary bed in meta arterioles

A

True

94
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: For the regulation of microcirculation,
smooth muscle tone determines resistance
in capillary bed in capillary sphincters

A

TRUE

95
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: For the regulation of microcirculation,
smooth muscle tone determines resistance
in capillary bed itself

A

TRUE

96
Q

TRUE AND FALSE: Vascular smooth muscle cells tension
primarily by means of active contraction,
they are present in VENULES

A

FALSE

97
Q

TRUE AND FALSE: Vascular smooth muscle cells tension
primarily by means of active contraction,
they are present in vena cava

A

True

98
Q

TRUE AND FALSE: Vascular smooth muscle cells tension
primarily by means of active contraction,
they are present in aorta

A

TRUE

99
Q

TRUE AND FALSE: Vascular smooth muscle cells tension
primarily by means of active contraction,
they are present in true capillaries

A

False

100
Q

TRUE AND FALSE: Vascular smooth muscle cells tension
primarily by means of active contraction,
they are present in elastic arteries

A

True

101
Q

TRUE AND FALSE: Vascular smooth muscle cells tension
primarily by means of active contraction,
they are present in collagen

A

False

102
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: On compliance and distensibility, veins
have large volume capacity but can only
withstand small transmural pressure
differences

A

True

103
Q

TRUE or FALSE At low transmural pressures, compliance is
extremely low as the veins become fully
circular

A

FALSE

104
Q

True or false: Arteries have low volume capacity but can withstand large transmural pressure

A

True

105
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Myoepitheliod cells and VSCMs determine

compliance and distensibility of vessels

A

False

106
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: At unphysiological high transmural

pressure, compliance is high

A

False

PHYSIOLOGY (9 decks)

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