Lecture - Regulation of Arterial Pressure, Arteries & Veins, Microcirculation Flashcards
1
Q
Most important factor
A
Vascular resistance
2
Q
Right cardiac nerve affects:
A
Heart rate
If left cardiac nerve: Contractility
3
Q
Stroke volume if ESV is 90 and EDV is 60:
A
30 mL/secs
4
Q
Exchange of macromolecules:
A
Transcytosis
5
Q
Which among the following is a vasodilator?
A
ANP
6
Q
RBC except:
A
Deformity
7
Q
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A
Compliance is high in UNPHYSIOLOGICAL TRANSMURAL PRESSURE
8
Q
Vascular velocity is higher in which among the following?
A
Higher in VEINS than in VENULES
9
Q
Protective effect of * not prone to rupture?
A
BERNOUILLI LAW
10
Q
Vasoconstriction in blood vessels by G alpha q, increase in PLC on what receptor?
A
ALPHA1
11
Q
Neurotransmitter in fight or flight response of MUSCLE?
A
ACETYLCHOLINE
12
Q
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A
Aortic arch saturates at 200mmHg
13
Q
Blood flows in a vessel, requirement is Poiseuille’s Law EXCEPT?
A
NON-NEWTONIAN
14
Q
Fahreaus-Lindqvist law?
A
AOTA: (Axial accumulation, Tank threading, Limited number of Laminae in small vessels)
15
Q
Most of the resistance to venous return occurs in the
a. Arterioles
b. Veins
c. Small arteries
d. Capillaries
A
A. Arterioles
16
Q
An increase in pressure inside the vessel will result to the following except:
a. Increase vessel radius
b. Decrease resistance to flow
c. Increase blood flow
d. Decrease tension within the vessel
A
d. Decrease tension within the vessel
17
Q
The rapidly acting blood pressure control mechanism involve the following except:
a. Renal blood volume aldosterone pressure control
b. Baroreceptor mechanism
c. Capillary fluid shift mechanism
d. Chemoreceptor mechanism
A
a. Renal blood volume aldosterone pressure control
18
Q
When elevated blood volume increases the cardiac output, the blood flow increases in all the tissues of the body. As a response, the blood
vessels constrict by increasing the total peripheral resistance. This is:
a. Hyperviscosity syndrome
b. Plasma skimming effect
c. Neural reflex regulation
d. Local tissue autoregulation
A
d. Local tissue autoregulation
19
Q
As the heart beats, fluctuation in pressure are transmitted throughout the CVS system. The difference between the maximum pressure and minimum pressure is called a. Mean blood pressure b. Pulse pressure c. Pulmonary pressure d. Venous compliance
A
B. Pulse pressure
20
Q
The following increases pressure difference except:
a. Reduced vessel compliance
b. Increase stroke volume
c. Increase venous return
d. Increase heart rate (PP is inversely proportional to HR)
A
d. Increase heart rate (PP is inversely proportional to HR)
21
Q
Region of greatest resistance
a. Small arteries and arterioles
b. Aorta
c. Capillaries
d. Veins
A
a. Small arteries and arterioles
22
Q
The best known of the mechanism for arterial control:
a. Renin-angiotensin response
b. Baroreceptor reflex response
c. Chemoreceptor response
d. Aldosterone response
A
b. Baroreceptor reflex response
23
Q
The rate of lymph flow is determined by:
a. Geometry of the vessel
b. Non-Newtonian property
c. Lymphatic pump
d. Osmotic colloid pressure
A
d. Osmotic colloid pressure
24
Q
The systemic circulation is characterized by the following except:
a. 85% systemic blood volume
b. 20% systemic arterial volume
c. 15% high pressure
d. 55 % low pressure (it should be 80%)
A
d. 55 % low pressure (it should be 80%)
25
The most important determinant of blood viscosity
a. Tube geometry
b. Venous return
c. Ratio of RBC to plasma
d. Plasma proteins
d. Plasma proteins
26
Fahreus-Lindquest effect result to the following except:
a. Increase viscosity (viscosity decreases steeply at lower radii)
b. Reduce peripheral resistance
c. Increase blood flow
d. Reduction of hematocrit from 45% to 27%
a. Increase viscosity (viscosity decreases steeply at lower radii)
27
Causes of Fahreus-Lindquest phenomenon:
a. Plasma skimming effect
b. Tone treading in small capillary vessels
c. RBC deformation and limited laminae number
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
28
Effective viscosity of blood depends on the following except:
a. Fibrinogen concentration
b. Vessel radius
c. Curvilinear velocity
d. Temperature
c. Curvilinear velocity
29
Blood flows in a blood vessel through Poiseulle’s law principle that requires:
a. An incompressible, non-pulsatile fluid
b. A straight, rigid, cylindrical, unbranched tube with constant radius
c. A constant viscosity with Newtonian character
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
30
Insignificant arteriolar reflex control involves
a. Sympathetic nervous system arteriolar dilation to skeletal muscle
B. Parasympathetic nervous system effect
c. Hormonal angiotensin vasoconstrictive effect
d. Sympathetic vasodilatory effect to skin
a. Sympathetic nervous system arteriolar dilation to skeletal muscle
31
Which of the following statement is/are true:
a. The exchange of macromolecules across capillaries can occur by transcytosis
b. Fluid transfer across capillaries is convective
c. Fluid transfer across capillaries depends on Starling’s forces: hydrostatic and osmotic forces
d. All of the above
D. All of the above
32
Even if radius is very narrow, resistance is not of critical importance in the capillaries for the following reason/s:
a. It has greater cross-sectional area
b. It has no vascular smooth muscle cells
c. It has huge total number of vessels
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
33
Which of the following controls the regional blood flow:
a. Sympathetic nervous system
b. Myogenic autoregulatory mechanism
c. Metabolic and endothelial mechanism
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
34
The following are vasoactive (vasodilators) agents produced by endothelial cells except:
a. Endothelin (vasoconstrictor)
b. Nitric oxide
c. Endothelin-derived hyperpolarizing factor
d. Prostacyclin
a. Endothelin (vasoconstrictor)
35
What is the most characteristic feature of the brain vasculature that protects the brain from drugs that act on other organs:
a. Autoregulatory property
b. Blood-brain barrier property
c. Myogenic property
d. Cushing’s reflex property
b. Blood-brain barrier property
36
An increase in arterial pressure that occurs in response to an increase in intracranial pressure:
a. Baroreceptor reflex
b. Chemoreceptor reflex
c. Cushing’s reflex
d. Atrial receptor reflex
c. Cushing’s reflex
37
The following result to an elevated pulse pressure except:
a. Increase compliance (PP is inversely proportional to C)
b. Increase stroke volume
c. Decrease peripheral resistance
d. Decrease heart rate
a. Increase compliance (PP is inversely proportional to C)
38
Which of the following is/are true of venous and thoracoabdominal pump:
a. Accelerates venous return to the heart
b. Decreases capillary filtration pressure and edema formation
c. Decreases capillary filtration pressure
d. All of the above
D. All of the above
39
```
Inhibition of the vasomotor center, with vagal center excitation resulting to vasodilation, reduce heart rate and cardiac contraction, is an
overall body response to:
a. CNS ischemic response
b. Atrial receptor reflex
c. Baroreceptor reflex
d. Chemoreceptor reflex
```
c. Baroreceptor reflex
40
Long term control of the blood pressure involves the following hormonal regulatory hormones except:
a. Renin from the justaglomerular junction of the kidney
b. Angiotensin II vasoconstrictive effect
c. Aldosterone action on sodium and water absorption at the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney
d. Cortisol and catecholamine vasoconstrictive effects
d. Cortisol and catecholamine vasoconstrictive effects
41
The profile of blood flow through the coronary arteries depends on:
a. The perfusion pressure in the aorta
b. The ejection fraction of the heart
c. Extravascular compression of the contracting left ventricles
d. All of the above
D. All of the above
42
The effect of hemorrhage on the cardiovascular function in a 30 year old bleeding pregnant female is/are the following except:
a. Decrease central blood volume and venous return
b. Sympathetic stimulation through vessel receptor responses
c. Decrease release of renin and angiotensin hormones
d. Increase total peripheral resistance and cardiac output
c. Decrease release of renin and angiotensin hormones
43
The rapid compensatory reaction when blood volume is reduced are the following except:
a. Lesser stretching of arterial baroreceptor
b. Increased parasympathetic output
c. Generalized vasoconstriction sparing the vessels of the brain
d. Coronary vasodilation
b. Increased parasympathetic output
44
Long term compensatory reaction to blood loss:
a. Replacement of plasma protein losses by hepatic synthesis
b. Increase reticulocyte count
c. Increase 2,3-DPG concentration in RBC
d. All are true
D. All are true
45
False about atrial reflex?
The most extensibly studied high pressure reflex
46
Aldosterone will
Increase blood pressure
47
Processes that provide long term response to changes
Renal Regulation
48
During exercise, cardiac output may rise to 5x resting value in most people. This is due mainly to increase in _____________.
End Diastolic Volume
49
Mechanism that do not help regulate blood pressure includes
Dural Sinus Reflex
50
Short term control of blood pressure mediated by the nervous system and blood borne chemicals primarily operate via all, EXCEPT:
Altering Blood Volume
51
Harriet, who has been exercising strenuously decided to sit down and rest in response to the effects of exercising
The baroreceptor stimulates cardioinhibitory and inhibits the vasomotor area
52
Cardiac output may drop from lying to standing up because of
Venous Pooling
53
Low blood pressure stimulated the secretion of the mineralocorticoid:
Aldosterone
54
Hormones that reduce blood pressure
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
55
True about vascular function curve
Mean circulatory pressure is the central
| venous pressure when cardiac output is zero
56
Carotid sinus baroreceptors
Rate of firing is greater with a large pulse pressure
57
False statement for parasympathetic input to the heart
Norepinephrine is released by postganglionic
58
Atrial stretch receptor
Regulate the release of ANP
59
Patient who received cardiac transplant are able to increase cardiac output during exercise for which reason
Increase venous return results in increased stroke volume
60
Increase in mean arterial pressure will result:
All:
- Increase heart rate
- Increase stroke volume
- Increase cardiac output
61
True about MAP (mean arterial pressure)
Dependent in arterial compliance
62
Anastomoses in circle of willis protect the blood supply to the brain which is
15% of cardiac output
63
The following happens when there is a local increase in brain metabolism (decrease PO2, increase PCO2, decrease extracellular pH), EXCEPT
Decrease intracellular pH causes weak vasodilation
64
Cerebral resistance vessels are inherently responsive to changes in their transmural pressure, which is
Increase in pressure will lead to vasoconstriction and decrease in pressure will lead to vasodilation
65
Less tolerant to ischemia
Brain
66
Why is the profile of flow to the right is different from the left coronary artery
There is lower tension by right side of the heart
| Right coronary artery does not occlude
67
Coronary circulation receives __% resting cardiac output
5%
68
Profile of blood flow to coronary artery depends on
Perfusion pressure Extravascular compression
69
Collateral vessel growth can provide blood flow to ischemic region, what is the stimulus
Angiogenic molecules
| Changes in mechanics
70
During exercise, skeletal muscle undergoes rhythmic changes in length and tension giving rise to mechanical forces within the tissue and analogous to beating heart
TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
71
Where is the important site of blood flow control in skeletal muscle
Proximal to microvessels that are indirect contact with the muscle fibers
72
Primary stimulus triggering vasodilation is the release of vasolator substances from the active to muscle fiber in proportion to energy expenditure
TRUE or FALSE
True
73
True about skeletal muscle at rest
Vascular resistance is high
74
Splanchnic circulation serves as
```
All:
- Site of adjustable resistance
- Major reservoir of blood
- Regulator of total peripheral
resistance
```
75
Sympathetic activity indirectly constricts splanchnic vessels whereas parasympathetic directly dilates them
TRUE or FALSE
False
76
Primary blood supply to stomach, pancreas, spleen
Celiac Artery
77
Increased blood flow with the ingestion and digestion of meal reflects interplay of different factors, EXCEPT
Absorption of nutrients generates hypo osmolar
78
Not true about apical and non apical skin
Non apical skin has both sympathetic neurons that release norepinephrine and parasympathetic neurons that release acetylcholine (only sympathetic neurons release both norepi and acetylcholine)
79
Reaction produced after local release of histamine
Red Reaction
80
Blood flow of skin is what neural control
Sympathetic
81
Vasodilation in on apical skin occurs in response to
Sympathetic neurons that release acetylcholine
82
Increase pressure inside the following will
| result to the following except
Decreased tension with the vessels
83
Region of greatest resistance
Small arteries and arterioles
84
Systemic circulation characterized by the
| following, except
55% low pressure
85
Even if the radius is very narrow, capillary
resistance is not of critical importance
following reasons except
Low endothelial cells
86
The following results to elevated pulse pressure
Increase compliance
87
```
Mean systemic filling pressure
A. Overall compliance of vascular
system
B. Change in tone
C. Blood volume changes
D. All of the above
```
D. All of the above
88
```
The following are vasoconstrictors except
A. Arginine
B. Vasopressors
C. Endothelin
D. A and B
```
D. A and B
89
Exchange of macromolecules across
| capillaries occurs by
Transcytosis
90
blood vessels require all of the
following except:
A. Constant viscosity
B. Non newtonian character
C. Straight and unbranched tube in
constant radius
B. Non newtonian character
91
determinant of viscosity
Ration of RBC
92
TRUE OR FALSE: For the regulation of microcirculation,
smooth muscle tone determines resistance in capillary bed in arterioles
TRUE
93
TRUE OR FALSE: For the regulation of microcirculation,
smooth muscle tone determines resistance
in capillary bed in meta arterioles
True
94
TRUE OR FALSE: For the regulation of microcirculation,
smooth muscle tone determines resistance
in capillary bed in capillary sphincters
TRUE
95
TRUE OR FALSE: For the regulation of microcirculation,
smooth muscle tone determines resistance
in capillary bed itself
TRUE
96
TRUE AND FALSE: Vascular smooth muscle cells tension
primarily by means of active contraction,
they are present in VENULES
FALSE
97
TRUE AND FALSE: Vascular smooth muscle cells tension
primarily by means of active contraction,
they are present in vena cava
True
98
TRUE AND FALSE: Vascular smooth muscle cells tension
primarily by means of active contraction,
they are present in aorta
TRUE
99
TRUE AND FALSE: Vascular smooth muscle cells tension
primarily by means of active contraction,
they are present in true capillaries
False
100
TRUE AND FALSE: Vascular smooth muscle cells tension
primarily by means of active contraction,
they are present in elastic arteries
True
101
TRUE AND FALSE: Vascular smooth muscle cells tension
primarily by means of active contraction,
they are present in collagen
False
102
TRUE OR FALSE: On compliance and distensibility, veins
have large volume capacity but can only
withstand small transmural pressure
differences
True
103
TRUE or FALSE At low transmural pressures, compliance is
extremely low as the veins become fully
circular
FALSE
104
True or false: Arteries have low volume capacity but can withstand large transmural pressure
True
105
TRUE OR FALSE: Myoepitheliod cells and VSCMs determine
| compliance and distensibility of vessels
False
106
TRUE OR FALSE: At unphysiological high transmural
| pressure, compliance is high
False
