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Parasitology 376 > Lecture Quiz 11/10/15 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 11/10/15 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 phases of the apicomplexan life cycle?

A
  1. Infectious phase
  2. Proliferative phase
  3. Sexual reproduction phase
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2
Q

In which of the 3 life cycle phases does sporogony occur?

A

Infectious phase

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3
Q

What is the product of sporogony in the infectious phase?

A

Sporozoites

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4
Q

In which of the 3 life cycle phases does gametogony occur?

A

Sexual reproduction phase

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5
Q

In which of the 3 life cycle phases does merogony (schizogony) occur?

A

Proliferative phase (asexual)

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6
Q

Which of the following are enteric only?

Isospora

Toxoplasma

Neospora

Sarcocystis

Cryptosporidium

Eimeria

A

Eimeria

Isospora

Cryptosporidium

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7
Q

Which of the following are enteric and exterintestinal?

Isopsora

Toxoplasma

Neospora

Sarcocystis

Cryptosporidium

Eimeria

A

Toxoplasma

Neospora

Sarcocystis

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8
Q

What do you call an infection with Eimeria?

A

Coccidiosis

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9
Q

Which age of animals are more commonly affected by Eimeria?

A

Younger animals

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10
Q

ALL Eimeria are obligate intracellular parasites. Where, specifically, are they usually found?

A

Gut epithelial cells AND/OR lacteal endothelium

Others: Kidneys; bile duct

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11
Q

Which species develop clinical signs to Eimeria?

A

Cattle

Sheep

Goats

Poultry

Rabbits

Camelids

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12
Q

The micropyle cap and micropyle are present in the oocyst of which species?

A

Eimeria

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13
Q

Eimeria has a direct life cycle; how is it transmitted?

A
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14
Q

What is the infective stage of Eimeria?

A

Sporulated oocyst

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15
Q

What is the life cycle of Eimeria as it develops into the infective stage?

A

A non-sporulated, non-infective oocyst is shed in the feces –> containing a single-celled sporont –> oocyts must undergo sporulation (sporogony) to become infective

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16
Q

Sporont –> ______ –> sporocyst –> ______

A

Sporont –> sporoblast –> sporocyst –> sporozoite

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17
Q

How many sporoblasts originate from one Eimeria sporont?

A

4

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18
Q

Explain the process for an Eimeria sporont developing into sporoblasts

A

1 sporont

2 sporozoites

4 sporoblasts

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19
Q

In Eimeria, how many sporozoites are there per sporocyst?

A

2

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20
Q

All Eimeria species sporulated oocysts contain :

____ # sporocysts with ____ # sporozoites each

_____ # sporozoites per oocytst

A

All Eimeria species sporulated oocysts contain :

4 sporocysts with 2 sprozoites each

=

8 sporozoites per oocyst

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21
Q

For Eimeria, where does sporogony occur?

A

In the environment

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22
Q

What are the environmental requirements of Eimeria sporogony?

A

Adequate moisture

Adequate oxygen

Adequate temperature

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23
Q

True or False:

  1. Sporogony in Eimeria species can occur over a range of temperatures.
  2. Sprogony occurs more rapidly in warmer temperature.
  3. More oocysts become infective in the fall.
A
  1. TRUE
  2. TRUE
  3. FALSE - More oocyts become infective in SUMMER
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24
Q

Species?

A

Eimeria

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25
Q

Merogony is synonymous to what other term?

A

Schizogony

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26
Q

Once in the host cell, the Eimeria sporozoite becomes what?

A

Meront

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27
Q

What term is synonymous to meront?

A

Schizont

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28
Q

The Eimeria meront (schizont) divides by multiple fission and produces what?

A

Many 1st generation merozoites

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29
Q

Merozoites of the final asexual generation proceed to what?

A

Gametogony

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30
Q

What type of reproduction is gametogony?

A

Sexual

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31
Q

True or False:

The trophozoite stage of Eimeria is not infective.

A

TRUE

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32
Q

Eimeria female gametes:

One merozoite –> one _____ –> one _____

A

One merozoite –> one macrogametocyte –> one macrogamete

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33
Q

Eimeria male gametes:

One merozoite –> one _____ –> MANY _____

A

One merozoite -> one microgametocyte –> MANY microgametes

34
Q

True or False:

  1. Microgametes remain in host cells.
  2. Macrogametes exit host cells in search of a microgamete.
A
  1. FALSE - microgametes exit host cells in search of a macrogamete.
  2. FALSE - macrogametes remain in host cells.
35
Q

After the microgamete fertilizes a macrogamete in the host cell, what develops?

A

Zygote

36
Q

What does the zygote become?

A

Zygote becomes sporont within oocyst

37
Q

Which Eimeria life stage is represented?

A

Microgamete

38
Q

True or Flase:

Eimeria is unspecific to hosts.

A

FALSE

Each species is VERY host specific.

Ex: A calf is infected with E. zuernii and develops immunity to E. zuernii. That calf is still susceptible to the other 14 Eimeria species that infect cattle.

39
Q

Clinical disease associated with Eimeria is based on 3 things, what are they?

A
  1. Eimeria species involved
  2. Number of oocysts ingetsed
  3. Host factors (age, immune status, nutrition)
40
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with an Eimeria infection?

A

Enteritis

Anorexia

Decreased feed efficiency

Weight loss

Diarrhea (mucoid to bloody)

Dehydration

Anemia

41
Q

Clinical parasitism with Eimeria in cattle (bovine coccidiosis) is most often seen at what age?

A

Calves less than or equal to 6 months old

42
Q

What are the 3 clinical syndromes of bovine coccidiosis?

A

Enteric

Winter

Nervous

43
Q

What clinical signs might be associated with Eimeria: bovine nervous coccidiosis?

A

CNS signs

GI signs

Muscle tremors

Staggers (nystagmus, convulsions, opisthotonos, +/- blindness)

44
Q

Explain the mortality rate of Eimeria: bovine nervous coccidiosis.

A

High mortality rate with OR without treatment

45
Q

For bovine Eimeria coccidiosis, where might you find lesions associated with asexual replication?

A

Distal ileum

46
Q

For bovine Eimeria coccidiosis, where might you find lesions associated with sexual reproduction of the organism?

A

Cecum

Colon

47
Q

Provide some prevention and control options for cattle farmers dealing with an Eimeria coccidiosis

A

Minimize overcrowding

Improve nutrition

Improve sanitation

Keep feces out of food/water supplies

Kill oocysts (sunlight, dessication)

Chemical disinfectants

48
Q

What is the OBJECTIVE when dealing with / controlling an infection with Eimeria in cattle?

A

Allow limited exposure to the parasite to stimulate immunity without developing CLINICAL DISEASE

49
Q

How might Isosporus be transmitted?

A
  1. Fecal-oral transmission
  2. Paratenic host
50
Q

What is the infective stage of isospora?

A

Sporulated oocyst

51
Q

For Isospora, a rodent ingests a sporulated oocyst.

What is then released in the GI tract?

A

Sporozoite

52
Q

Where do the sporozoites go once released in the GIT?

A

Penetrate the gut wall

Enter extra-intestinal cells

53
Q

What does the sporozoite then form in the tissues?

A

Monozoic cyst

54
Q

When the definitive ingests the rodent, what does the monozoic cyst release?

A

Sporozoite

55
Q

Once the sporozoite for Isospora is released from the monozoic cyst in the intestine of the definitive host, what process is initiated?

A

Merogony

56
Q

In summary, now explain the complete pathogenesis of Isospora infection from a paratenic host.

A

* Rodent ingests sporulated oocyst *

Sporozoites are released in the GI tract

Sporozoites penetrate the gut wall

Sporozoites enter extra-intestinal cells

Each sporozoite form a monozoic cyst

* Definitve host ingests rodent *

Sporozoite released from monozoic cyst

This initiates merogony in the intestine of the dog or cat

57
Q
  1. For cystoisospora, what stage is shed in the feces?
  2. Where does sporogony occur?
  3. Where does merogony occur?
  4. Where does gametogony occur?
A
  1. Unsporulated cysts shed in feces
  2. Sporogony in environemtn
  3. Merogony in small intestine
  4. Gametogony in small intestine
58
Q

True or False:

Cystoisospora is usually non-pathogenic to mildly pathogenic.

A

TRUE

59
Q

True or False:

Oocyst shedding of Isospora occurs right before clinical signs develop.

A

FALSE

Clinical signs precede oocyst shedding

60
Q

Oragnism?

A

Isospora

61
Q

Complete the chart:

A
62
Q

What is the name of the Isospora that infects swine?

A

Cystoisospora suis

63
Q

What specific disease does Cystoisospora suis cause in swine?

A

Neonatal porcine coccidiosis (NPC)

64
Q

What is one characteristic known about the transmission of Cystoisospora suis?

A

NO paratenic host known

65
Q

At what age does Cystoisospora suis typically affect pigs?

A

7-10 days of age

66
Q

True or False:

  1. Cystoisospora suis in affected pigs can easily be treated with antibiotics.
  2. Cystoisospora is more prevalent in the humid periods of summer.
A
  1. FALSE - affected pigs are NON-RESPONSIVE to antibiotics
  2. TRUE
67
Q

In post-mortem examination of a Cystoisospora suis case, where in the body would you look for gross lesions?

A

Jejunum

Ileum

68
Q

On post-mortem examination of Cystoisospora suis, what changes would you see in histology of the jejunum and ileum?

A

Villus atrophy

+

Parasites

69
Q

What is the main mode of control of ALL coccidia?

A

SANITATION

70
Q

Cryptosporidium is divisible into 2 groups based on location.

What are those 2 locations?

A

Stomach

Intestines

71
Q

Which species of Cryptosporidium is probably the main zoonotic species/subspecies affecting immunocompetent people?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum (genotype II)

72
Q

In what species can you find Cryptosporidium parvum genotype II?

A

Cattle

73
Q

Which Cryptosporidium species is most commonly found in humans?

A

Cryptosporidium hominis

( parvum genotype I )

74
Q

Which species of Cryptosporidia infect dogs and cats, respectively, and are considered zoonotic?

A

Cryptosporidium canis - Dogs

Cryptosporidium felis - Cats

75
Q

Which organism differs from other Apicomplexans and develops in the enterocyte microvillus border, not in the cytoplasm of host cells?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

76
Q

As for Cryptosporidium, where does sporogony occur?

A

WITHIN THE HOST

Different from others we’ve talked about!!!!!!

77
Q
  1. Which organism produces 2 types of oocytes?
  2. What are those types?
A
  1. Cryptosporidium parvum
  2. Thick-shelled & Thin-shelled
78
Q

What is the difference between the thick-shelled oocyst of Cryptosporidium parvum and the thin-shelled oocyst?

A

Thick-shelled –> Passed in feces –> New host

Thin-shelled –> Can cause autoinfection

79
Q

In which condition will calves recover as local immunity develops and is considered to be “self-limiting”?

A

Enteric cryptosporidiosis

80
Q
A

Parasitology 376 (20 decks)

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