Arthropod 1 Flashcards
What are the 2 classes of arthropods we will be concerned with?
Insecta
Arachnida
True or False:
The majority of arthropods are parasites.
FALSE
Few live directly at the expense of other animals (parasites)
Live on, or burrow into, or feed off of the surface of their hosts epidermis.
Ectoparasites
What are 3 “types” of parasitism?
- Obligatory or facultative
- Continuous association or intermittent association
- Highly host specific or not highly host specific
What are some examples of direct ectoparasite damage?
Annoyance
Blood loss
Myiasis
What is myiasis?
Infection of a host with maggots
What are some examples of indirect ectoparasite damage?
Behavioral changes
Self-trauma
What are the 2 “types” of arthropod vectors?
Mechanical
Biological
What type of transmission is this:
Transmission from one host to another via pathogen contamination of the mouthparts of an arthropod, which then physically carries it to another host.
Mechanical transmission
What type of transmission is this:
A pathogen undergoes developmental changes in the vector, but does not multiply.
Biological transmission
What type of transmission is this:
A pathogen multiplies within the vector without any developmental changes.
Biological transmission
What type of transmission is this:
A pathogen undergoes developmental changes and multiplies within the vector.
Biological transmission
The efficiency of a vector is dependent upon what 3 factors?
Feeding habits
Environment
Genetics
What are 2 physical characteristics of an arthropod?
Segmented body (head, thorax, abdomen)
Exoskeleton
A. Trachea
B. Tracheoles
C. Spiracles
What is the functional equivalent of a heart?
Dorsal vessel
True or False:
Arthropods have both a central and a peripheral nervous system.
TRUE
Which neurotransmitter is unique to the invertebrates?
Glutamate-gated chloride channels
Which neurotransmitter does the arthropod have in common with its hosts?
Acetylcholine receptor
- Which of the BIG 3 would be effective against these insects?
- Why?
- Macrocyclic lactones
- Macrocyclic lactones target the glutamate-gated chloride channels in invertebrates
What secretes the cuticle of the exoskeleton?
Epidermis
What are the 3 layers of the cuticle?
Endocuticle
Exocuticle
Epicuticle
Define the following:
As an arthropod grows it must shed the limiting older exoskeleton and lay down a new elastic cutilce, and then shed the old one.
Molting OR ecdysis
Simplistic view of molting or ecdysis:
- Ecdysone is released into the _____.
- Ecdysone is converted to _____, the active form of the enzyme.
- In response to the (answer to #2), the cells of the _____ proceed to initiate molting.
- Ecdysone is released into the hemolymph.
- Exdysone is converted to 20-hydroxyecdysone, the active form of the enzyme.
- In response to the hydroxyecdysone, the cells of the epidermis proceed to initiate molting.
- Define apolysis
- During what process is this taking place?
- Apolysis: the old cuticle undergoes detachment from the epidermal layer
- This occurs during molting (ecdysis)
What role do enzymes play in molting?
Enzymes digest the old endocuticle
Hemimetabolous
Incomplete metamorphosis
Holometabolous
Complete metamorphosis
What stages are present in an incomplete metamorphosis (hemimetabolous)?
Egg - Larva - Nymph - Adult
What stages are present in a complete metamorphosis (holometabolous)?
Egg - Larva - Pupa - Adult
Hemimetabolous vs. Holometabolous
- In which of these does the juvenile stage look similar to the adult?
- In which of these does the juvenile larva stage go through a pupal stage before becomming an adult?
- Hemimetabolous
- Holometabolous
Juvenile hormone prevents _____ but does not interfere with _____.
Juvenile hormone prevents metamorphosis but does not interfere with molting.
What would cause an arthopod to remain in larval form during molting?
High juvenile hormones
Insecta and arachnida are classes of which phylum?
Arthropoda
Which suborder of Diptera are the “long-horned flies”?
Nematocera
Which suborder of the order Diptera are the “short-horned flies”?
Brachycera
