lecture quiz 1: intro & water Flashcards

1
Q

differences & similarities in human vs animal nutrition

A

for humans: emphasis on health, disease prevention, & longevity

for animals: emphasis on growth, production, & improving performance at lowest feed cost possible

  • exception: companion animals
  • envir factors must be considered when formulating diet
    1. methane = greenhouse gas & byproduct of ruminant fermentation
    2. excess N & P in soil from feces pollutes underground water (promotes growth of blue/green algae)

both focus on meeting nutrient requirements

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2
Q

food

A

edible material that provides nutrients & energy

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3
Q

feed

A

food for livestock

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4
Q

foodstuff or feedstuff

A

indiv ingredients/material made into or used as food/feed

  • vit
  • minerals
  • wheats/barley/oats
  • plants
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5
Q

diet

A

mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients to an animal

(synonymous to ration)

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6
Q

ration

A

daily allocation of food/feed

(synonomous to diet)

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7
Q

energy

A
  • property of carbs, fats, & proteins (not vit or minerals)
  • necessary for all life’s processes:
    • basal metabolic fxn
    • growth & synthesis of new tissue
    • repro
    • lactation
    • etc.
  • in animals: diet balanced for proteins, vit, & minerals
    • assumed water will be provided separately
    • don’t balance for carbs or fats)
  • nutrient requirement = energy requirement
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8
Q

sources of water for animals

A
  1. drinking water → most important, assume always providing open-access water separately
  2. water in feed → all feed contains water, even air dry
  3. metabolic water: water formed as byproduct of nutrient metabolism
    - fats generate most water > proteins > carbs
    - not considered for diet formulation
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9
Q

water consumption factors:

A
  • size (main)
  • production stage
  • envir
  • body temp
  • life stage
  • swine & poultry: 2 parts water to 1 part dry feed
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10
Q

water deficiencies & restrictions

A
  • ↓ feed consumption secondary to ↓ water intake
  • ↓ water leads to:
    1. ↓ feed intake (first sign)
    2. ↓ productivity
    3. weight loss
    4. ↑ excretion of N & lytes
    5. death w/in a few days
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11
Q

best water practice

A

make lots of good clean water available

  1. ensure purity according to total dissolved solids (TDS) recommendations (main quality)
    • ruminants can tolerate higher TDS numbers
    • chickens need lower TDS numbers
  2. check for water hardness
  3. monitor blue/green algae in open water sources (lakes/troughs)
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12
Q

nutrient classes

A
  1. water
  2. fats/lipids
  3. proteins
  4. carbs
  5. vitamins
  6. minerals
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13
Q

water

A
  • most important nutrient
  • losing >12% = fatal
  • younger animals have higher water content (lean at birth)
  • mature animals have larger fat deposits ∴ smaller water content
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14
Q

water fxns

A
  1. transports nutrients & wastes (urine = liquid waste)
  2. medium for chem rxns
  3. body temp regulation (evaporative cooling)
  4. lubricates & cushions joints & organs
  5. participation in eyesight, hearing, etc.
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15
Q

exceptions to nutrient requirements

A
  • carbs not needed by carnivores
  • not all species need to consume every vit, can make on their own
    • humans need vit C
    • ruminants can make B vitamins in their rumen (not humans)
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16
Q

blue/green algae

A
  • cyanobacteria (not an algae)
  • neurotoxins & cause liver toxicity
  • commom where abundant N & P leakage into standing water (promotes their growth)