lecture quiz 1: intro & water Flashcards
differences & similarities in human vs animal nutrition
for humans: emphasis on health, disease prevention, & longevity
for animals: emphasis on growth, production, & improving performance at lowest feed cost possible
- exception: companion animals
- envir factors must be considered when formulating diet
- methane = greenhouse gas & byproduct of ruminant fermentation
- excess N & P in soil from feces pollutes underground water (promotes growth of blue/green algae)
both focus on meeting nutrient requirements
food
edible material that provides nutrients & energy
feed
food for livestock
foodstuff or feedstuff
indiv ingredients/material made into or used as food/feed
- vit
- minerals
- wheats/barley/oats
- plants
diet
mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients to an animal
(synonymous to ration)
ration
daily allocation of food/feed
(synonomous to diet)
energy
- property of carbs, fats, & proteins (not vit or minerals)
- necessary for all life’s processes:
- basal metabolic fxn
- growth & synthesis of new tissue
- repro
- lactation
- etc.
- in animals: diet balanced for proteins, vit, & minerals
- assumed water will be provided separately
- don’t balance for carbs or fats)
- nutrient requirement = energy requirement
sources of water for animals
- drinking water → most important, assume always providing open-access water separately
- water in feed → all feed contains water, even air dry
- metabolic water: water formed as byproduct of nutrient metabolism
- fats generate most water > proteins > carbs
- not considered for diet formulation
water consumption factors:
- size (main)
- production stage
- envir
- body temp
- life stage
- swine & poultry: 2 parts water to 1 part dry feed
water deficiencies & restrictions
- ↓ feed consumption secondary to ↓ water intake
- ↓ water leads to:
- ↓ feed intake (first sign)
- ↓ productivity
- weight loss
- ↑ excretion of N & lytes
- death w/in a few days
best water practice
make lots of good clean water available
- ensure purity according to total dissolved solids (TDS) recommendations (main quality)
- ruminants can tolerate higher TDS numbers
- chickens need lower TDS numbers
- check for water hardness
- monitor blue/green algae in open water sources (lakes/troughs)
nutrient classes
- water
- fats/lipids
- proteins
- carbs
- vitamins
- minerals
water
- most important nutrient
- losing >12% = fatal
- younger animals have higher water content (lean at birth)
- mature animals have larger fat deposits ∴ smaller water content
water fxns
- transports nutrients & wastes (urine = liquid waste)
- medium for chem rxns
- body temp regulation (evaporative cooling)
- lubricates & cushions joints & organs
- participation in eyesight, hearing, etc.
exceptions to nutrient requirements
- carbs not needed by carnivores
- not all species need to consume every vit, can make on their own
- humans need vit C
- ruminants can make B vitamins in their rumen (not humans)