ration formulation Flashcards
1
Q
manual ration formulation
A
- need animal’s requirements
- need feedstuffs used & their compositions
- need mathematical way to combine feedstuffs to satisfy requirements
- balanced diet doesn’t necessarily have every nutrient in exactly the correct amount → has nutrient needs met w/out any of the nutrients in excess so much that it’s harmful
- ration based on percentage of diet (works well w/ chx & poultry)
- works well when you don’t need to worry about how much an animal will consume → let animal eat all they can (free access)
- ration based on per head per day more useful for ruminants & horses
2
Q
balancing on a % ration basis
A
- can be done on as-fed OR DM basis (convert PRN at the end)
- e.g. pigs & swine have high DM so can do as-fed & convert at end
- high-moisture feeds should convert DM first - all feedstuffs must add up to 100 (100kg or 100 lbs or 100%)
- leave a certain amount of slack space for adding vit/min, abx (3%)
- can have “fixed” ingredients but must specify the amount
3
Q
considerations for ruminant rations
A
- balancing ration on a ‘quantity per animal per day’ basis is more useful for ruminants & horses
- balance on a DM basis & convert to as-fed at the end
- focus on energy requirements first or animal can gain/lose weight but need to balance for CP as well
- must consider the amount that an animal can eat (e.g. % of BW) → nutrients must fit w/in that amount
- poor quality forage (mature - has ↑ CWF/NDF) can limit the amount the animal is able to consume
- ↑ NDF ↓ intake (inverse relationship)
- animal can consume 2.5-3% BW of high forage quality (<50% NDF)
- animal can consume 2% BW medium forage quality (50-60% NDF)
- animal can consume 1-1.5% BW of low forage quality (>60% NDF)
4
Q
what percentage of BW can an animal consume of poor quality forage (>60% NDF)?
A
1-1.5%
5
Q
what percentage of BW can an animal consume of medium quality forage (50-60% NDF)?
A
2%
6
Q
what percentage of BW can an animal consume of high quality forage (<50% NDF)?
A
2.5-3%
7
Q
limitations of algebraic solutions in ration formulation
A
- can only work with 2 feedstuffs/mixes at a time
- can only balance 1 nutrient at a time
- no flexibility on target value (set)
- cannot set a minimum or maximum value
- no ability to optimize cost ➔ stuck w/ the cost of those 2 ingredients
8
Q
advantages of ration formulation programs/software
A
able to deal simultaneously with:
- multiple nutrients
- numerous feedstuffs
- ranges (minimum & maximum)
- least cost ration formulation
9
Q
requirements for ration formulation programs/software
A
- know composition & prices of feedstuffs
- good selection of feeds & ingredients
- knowlege to evaluate the final ration: practicality, palatability, toxicity