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Botany > Lecture: Primary Meristems > Flashcards

Lecture: Primary Meristems Flashcards

1
Q

meristems __ and __ cells

A

add; organize

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2
Q

meristems add cells by _-

A

mitosis

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3
Q

primary meristems are first formed in the_

A

embryo

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4
Q

embryonic meristems are _-

A

seeds

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5
Q

what is the function of the seed coat?

A

protection

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6
Q

function of endosperm

A

food supply for embryo

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7
Q

endosperms are found in what plant group(s)?

A

angiosperms only

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8
Q

endosperms are ___, they have 2 cells from __ and 1 cell from __

A

triploid; mom; dad

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9
Q

endosperm comes from __ fertilization

A

double

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10
Q

what are cotyledons?

A

seed leaves

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11
Q

initially, all cells in embryo can __

A

divide

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12
Q

suspensor breaks down once

A

embryo is large enough

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13
Q

once the embryo has reached it maximum size __ must occur for growth to continue

A

germination

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14
Q

what are the 2 apical meristems?

A

root, shoot

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15
Q

initial cells divide by

A

mitosis

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16
Q

what is the hypocotyl?

A

area between the radicle and cotyledons

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17
Q

which plant group has 2 cotyledons?

A

dicots

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18
Q

which plant group has one cotyledon?

A

monocots

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19
Q

is it more advanced to have one or two cotyledons?

A

1

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20
Q

initially, what cells in the embryo can divide?

A

all of them

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21
Q

when a cell divides, one daughter cell becomes __ and the other ___

A

the derivative and the other remains the initial

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22
Q

which daughter cell forms the 3 primary meristems?

A

derivative

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23
Q

what is another name for the cotyledon in monocots?

A

the scutellum

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24
Q

what is the function of the scutellum?

A

absorbs nutrients from the endosperm

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25
Q

what is the epicotyl?

A

area above cotyledon

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26
Q

what is the plumule?

A

epicotyl and leaves

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27
Q

some monocots have what 2 protective structures?

A
  1. coleoriza

2. coleoptile

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28
Q

what is the function of the coleoriza?

A

protect root

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29
Q

what is the function of the coleoptile?

A

protect plumule

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30
Q

what are the 3 requirements for seed germination?

A
  1. O2
  2. water
  3. temperature
    (sometimes light)
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31
Q

why do seeds need water to germinate?

A

most are very dry, and water is needed for metabolic processes

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32
Q

why do seeds need O2 to germinate?

A

required for Rs

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33
Q

aside from the main 3, what other requiremnets might a seed have for germination?

A
  1. digestive enzymes of animal
  2. rainfall reaching inhibitors in seed coat
  3. crached mechanically
  4. heat from fire
  5. capopy opening
34
Q

why is the root the first organ to emerge from the seed?

A

the plant needs to anchor in the soil and be able to absorb nutrients and water

35
Q

what is contained in the quiescent centre of the root tip?

A

initials

36
Q

what is the root cap made of?

A

parenchyma and slimy sheath (mucigel)

37
Q

each cell in the root cap lives for __ days

A

4-9

38
Q

what possible structures can break the soil first in epigeous plants?

A
  1. hypocotyl

2. cotyledon

39
Q

what possible structures can break the soil first in hypogeous plants?

A
  1. epicotyl

2. coleoptile

40
Q

what is the function of cotyledons on hypogeous plants?

A

nutrition

41
Q

what is the function of cotyledons of epigeous plants?

A

photosynthesis

42
Q

if the cotyledons emerge first, where does the plumule emerge?

A

from base of cotyledons

43
Q

how does the plumule emerge from coleoptile?

A

through a hole

44
Q

what are the 4 regions of stem?

A
  1. epidermis
  2. cortex
  3. vascular
  4. pith
45
Q

the tunica divides to add __

A

surface area

46
Q

the corpus divides to add__

A

girth

47
Q

the tunica divides __

A

anticlinally

48
Q

the corpus divides __

A

periclinally

49
Q

the divisions of the tunica produce which meristem?

A

the protoderm

50
Q

the divisions of the corpus produce which meristem?

A

the pith meristem

51
Q

the divisions of both the tunica and corpus contribute to __ meristem

A

peripheral

52
Q

what type of meristems exist at the nodes?

A

axillary

53
Q

what are the 4 fates of axillary meristems at nodes?

A
  1. branch (default)
  2. develop partially
  3. inactive and waiting for signal
  4. convert to floral meristems
54
Q

development of axillary meristems is controlled by __

A

apical meristem

55
Q

what is the effect of apical meristem’s PGS’s on axillary meristems?

A

prevents branching, unless axillary meristems are below the effective difussion level

56
Q

what type of climate is stable all year?

A

tropical

57
Q

what climates are seasonal?

A

mediterranian and temperate

58
Q

what are the 3 strategies for growth?

A
  1. growth (tough it out)
  2. hide and wait
  3. give up, start over
59
Q

what is a lifeform?

A

form of plant growth

60
Q

lifeforms are related to __ and controlled by ___

A

environment; position of meristems

61
Q

what 2 things does Raunkiers lifeforms take into account?

A
  1. where is next year’s growth?

2. how is it protected from stresses?

62
Q

what is an advantage of height?

A

access light

63
Q

what are two disadvantages of height?

A
  1. takes time, perenial tissue is expensive

2. potential for damage to meristems

64
Q

what is a perenating organ?

A

organ with a meristem in it

65
Q

what are Raunkier’s 5 lifeforms?

A
  1. phanerophyte
  2. chamaephyte
  3. hemicryptophyte
  4. cryptophyte
  5. therophytes
66
Q

where are the perenating buds of phanerophytes located?

A

far off the ground

67
Q

phanerophytes are typically what types of plants?

A

trees, shrubs, epiphytes that grow on them

68
Q

what type of plants are chamaephytes?

A

shrubs: short woody plants with multiple stems

69
Q

where are the perenating buds located on chamaephytes?

A

30-100 cm off ground; below snow cover for insulation from winter winds

70
Q

where are perenating buds located in hemicryptophytes?

A

just below soil surface, or under dead levaes (“half hidden”

71
Q

what sort of climates have hemicryptophytes?

A

temperate

72
Q

example of hemicryptophyes

A

carrots, daisies, dandelions

73
Q

where are the perenating buds located in cryptophytes?

A

under soil, mud, or water

74
Q

what sorts of climates have cryptophytes?

A

mediterranean

75
Q

cryptophtes are often found where growinf season is __

A

long

76
Q

examples of cryptophytes

A

bulbs, corms, deep rhizomes

77
Q

what type of plants are therophytes?

A

annuals

78
Q

therophytes are characteristic to what climate?

A

tropical

79
Q

therophytes spend the unfavourable growing season as

A

seeds

80
Q

example of therophytes

A

weeds

Botany (10 decks)

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