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MLSCI 263 > LECTURE - Neuroendocrinology > Flashcards

LECTURE - Neuroendocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

the master gland

A

pituitary gland

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2
Q

how does the brain sense the homeostatic status of the body?

A

hypothalamus- pituitary axis

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3
Q

hormones used for signalling can be

A

small molecules or peptides

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4
Q

negative feedback loop

A

signalling turned off by lower levels of the system

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5
Q

hypothalamus-pituitary axis four levels of organizations

A 
primary = endocrine gland
secondary = pituitary
tertiary = hypothalamus
quaternary =  target tissue
  • produces both tropic and non-tropic hormones *
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6
Q

non-tropic vs tropic hormones

A
  • non-tropic = pituitary/hypothalamus straight to target tissue
  • tropic = from hypothalamus/pituitary to endocrine gland to tissue of interest = negative feedback exists
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7
Q

what links the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A

nerve endings and blood vessels

- hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

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8
Q

does the posterior pituitary release tropic or non-tropic hormones?

A

non-tropic
- do not signal via an endocrine gland
= have direct effect on target tissues

  • hormones reach target organs via blood circulation
  • ADH => kidney
  • oxytocin => uterus and mammary glands
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9
Q

oxytocin

A
  • 9 amino acid peptide; isoleucine (Ile)
  • made in hypothalamus
  • stored in posterior pituitary and released in blood when needed
  • uterine contraction during labour and milk secretion during breastfeeding
  • not tested for clinically
  • male function unknown
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10
Q

synthetic analog to induce labour

A

pitocin = similar to oxytocin

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11
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A
  • 9 amino acid peptide similar to oxy; but phenylalanine and arginine
  • water reabsorption in kidney
  • vasoconstriction
  • major stimuli = increase in serum osmolality (high conctn in solutes)
  • OR decrease in BP (hypotension)
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12
Q

challenges in the lab for measuring ADH

A
  • rapidly cleared from the body
  • poor in vitro stability
  • low plasma conctn (pmol/L)
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13
Q

surrogate marker for ADH

A

copeptin

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14
Q

copeptin

A
  • part of the protein complex comprising ADH

- produced in equimolar amounts as ADH

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15
Q

increase in osmotic pressure or decrease in water =

A

hypothalamus is stimulated and initiates posterior pit to release ADH => blood => kidneys = reabsorb water
- feedback mechanism; if enough = brain stops!

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16
Q

ADH causes the kidneys to:

A
  • reabsorb water

- decrease serum sodium concentration

17
Q

_____ blood pressure would signal to the hypothalamus/pituitary to release ADH

A

low

  • low BP and low blood volume
  • increases vasoconstriction
18
Q

impaired ADH results in this disorder

A

diabetes insipidus

19
Q

psychogenic polydipsia

A
  • excessvive water intake
  • psychological
  • obsessive compulsion to drink too much H2O
  • ADH = decrease
  • urine volume = increase
  • urine osm = decrease
  • seum osm = decrease
20
Q

central diabetes insipidus

A
  • ADH not produced; a deficiency
  • hypothalamus or pituitary is affected
    > could be due to trauma, oraffected hypothalamus function
  • ADH = decrease
  • urine volume = increase
  • urine osm = decrease
  • seum osm = increase (patient not drinking lots of water)
21
Q

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A
  • ADH not detected; present but no effects
  • kidney is affected system; lithium toxicity?
  • ADH = increased
  • urine volume = increased
  • urine osm = decreased
  • seum osm = increased
22
Q

DDAVP

A

synthetic ADH used in water deprivation test

23
Q

what is dynamic testing?

A

testing the patient’s response to certain hormones (something is induced)
- ex: water deprivation test

we know what is the body’s natural response, if patient results are abnormal = defect is evident

24
Q

increased ADH action

A
  • too much ADH produced
  • syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
  • ADH is higher than it should be
  • urine volume = decreased
  • urine osmolality = increased
  • serum osmolality = decreased
25
Q

dynamic tetsig to diagnose SIADH

A
  • water loading test
  • overnight fast => lots of water in short time period
    => measure urine output throughout
    => excreted H2O <70% of consumed water = SIADH
26
Q

what might water loaing test lead to?

A

life-threatening hyponatremia

= rarely performed

27
Q

water deprivation test

A
  • fasting = no food or water for 8-10 hrs
  • measure urine and serum osm throughout
  • if Osm urine is greater than 1000 mOsm = NOT DI
  • is >300 Osm serum = give DDAVP
  • decrease in urine volume and increases in Osm urine = central DI
  • no change = nephrogenic DI
28
Q

this links the CNS and endocrine glands

A

neuroendocrine system

29
Q

T or F. posterior hormones dont signal via endocrine glands but rather have a direct effect on target tissues

A

t!

30
Q

T or F. blood pressur and serum osm are detected by hypothalamus

A

T!

31
Q

ADH acts in the kidney at the _________ _____ and cause reabsorption of water

A

collecting ducts

MLSCI 263 (31 decks)

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