LECTURE - Miscellaneous Fluids

Question 1

hemothorax

Answer 1

accumulation of blood in the pleural fluid

Question 2

effusions

Answer 2

fluid accumulation in the sac indicates pathology due to impaired formation or absorption of fluid

Question 3

accumulation of pus due to infection in the lungs

Answer 3

empyema

Question 4

these contain serous fluids

Answer 4

pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal sacs

Question 5

parietal membrane

Answer 5

lines outer wall of cavity

Question 6

visceral membrane

Answer 6

in contactw ith internal organs

Question 7

what are the functions of serous fluids?

Answer 7

• lubricate membranes of body cavity

- permit free movement of the enclosed organ

Question 8

ascites

Answer 8

Ascites is a condition in which fluid collects in spaces within your abdomen

Question 9

how does fluid get there

Answer 9

• ultrafiltration by the parietal membrane which is attached to body wall (plasma filters through there; collects in this area) to provide cushioning
• certain amount (lymphatic) absorbed by visceral membrane to remove it (attached to organ)

Question 10

hydostatic pressure

Answer 10

blood pressure forcing fluids form inside of capillaries to the tissue

Question 11

oncotic pressure

Answer 11

relates to the concentration of molecules that cannot pass through membranes that induce a pressure = allows the accumulation of fluid (towards capillaries)

Question 12

this regulates serous fluid formation rate and its protein concentration

Answer 12

capillary permeability

Question 13

formation of effusions

Answer 13

• increased capillary permeability (due to inflammation, infection, metastatic tumors)
• increased hydrostatic pressure due to congestive heart failure (fluid gets out from circulation and gets into tissues) o liver cirrhosis
• no lymphatic drain = obstruction due to neoplastic lymph nodes, infections, pulmonary embolism

Question 14

analysis of effusion samples go into these departments

Answer 14

• microbiology
• microscopic exam
• chemistry

blood sample collected too -> microscopy and chem

Question 15

formation of synovial fluid

Answer 15

• ultrafiltration of plasma across synovial membrame

- secretion by synoviocytes

Question 16

function of synovial fluid

Answer 16

• lubricates joints

- provides nutients

Question 17

composition of synovial fluid

Answer 17

similar to plasma; with hyaluronic acid

Question 18

synovial fluid colour

Answer 18

• usually pale yellow or colourless
• red/brown = trauma, tumors
• green = pus
• milky = inflammatory process

Question 19

clarity of synovial fluid

Answer 19

normally clear

turbidity = cells, crystals, bacteria, fat, fibrin

Question 20

viscosity of synovial fluid

Answer 20

normally high (hyaluronate) = ‘string’ test = continuous sting = wont break! if this is the case, problem not due to infection bc hyaluronic acid is still present and intact

decreased viscosity = neutrophil hyaluronidase
clot formation = fibrinogen (blood contamination)

Question 21

only chemistry test we do for synovial fluid

Answer 21

glucose

• ideally after 8 hr fast
• compare this to plasma
• plasma-synovia is high = inflammatory condition

non-fasting serum
if synovia is <50% of serum value = sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, joint disease

Question 22

uric acid crystals in synovial fluid are indicative of

Answer 22

gout or arhtritis