Lecture Module 1 Flashcards
It is central to evolutionary biology, evidence of past
evolutionary changes in animal structure.
evolutionary morphology
tail is symmetrical= Both lobes of the tail are equal in shape.
homocercal tail
presence of swim bladder - air filled sac for dense neutral body buoyancy
homocercal tail
lobes of the tail are unequal and the upper lobe is elongated
heterocercal tail
helps answer question and
give us better understanding of animal design.
functional analysis
discipline that relates
structure to its function.
functional morphology
Generally, comparative
analysis is used either in a historical or a nonhistorical context.
comparative analysis
History of life, also the
process of evolution behind morphological units (jaw, limbs, eyes.)
historical context
look outside evolutionary context, without elucidation of evolutionary process.
non historical context
allows us to make prediction, perhaps re-examine initial analysis of structure and return with improved hypotheses about system of interest.
extrapolative
tool of insight guide our analysis and set up hypothesis
comparison
who developed developed ideas about the course of change
from fishlike and scaly animals to land forms
anaximander
the concept of evolution is tied to the name
charles darwin
who saw original creatures come
together in oddly assembled ways—humans with heads of cattle, animals with branches like
trees
empedocles
How many conditions did Darwin proposed
3
if left unchecked, members of any species increase naturally in number because all possess a high reproductive potential
first condition
competition for the declining resources
second condition
competition leads to survival of the few
third condition
Hierarchy wherein the
simplest creatures had the position on the
bottommost rung, while man occupies the top rung.
Scala Naturae or Ladder of Nature
the first great biologist, believed that all things could be arranged in a hierarchy.
aristotle
A great Swedish naturalist who
devised the present system of
nomenclature (naming) for
species, or kinds, of organisms
which still acts as a basis to
modern taxonomy.
Carolus Linnaeus
a book which described every species of plants known at the time
Species Plantarum
Summed up his beliefs along
with his natural history in a book
entitled The Wisdom of God
Manifested in the Works of
the Creation
Reverend John Ray
The archdeacon of Carlisle,
articulated the common beliefs
of his day in his book Natural
Theology or Evidence of the
Existence and Attributes of the
Deity Collected from the
Appearances of Nature (1802).
William Paley
He was a curator of the
Museum of Comparative
Zoology in Harvard University
Louis Agassiz
First modern scientist to
work out a systematic concept
of evolution.
J.B. de Lamarck
Organs in animals become stronger or
weaker more or less important by use or
disuse and these changes are
transmitted from parents to the progeny.
Inheritance of Acquired characteristics
There is an unconscious striving upward on the Scala Naturae which moved every
living creature toward greater complexity.
“Universal Escalator to Perfection”
The concept of a ladder of progress was
misleading, for it viewed animal evolution as internally driven in a particular direction, from the early, imperfect, soft-bodied forms up toward perfected human.
Upward to Perfection
He observed that unchecked breeding causes populations to grow geometrically at the same time the supply of food grows more slowly, thus species had to evolve to adapt to these changes.
Alfred Russel Wallace
according to Darwin, was a process analogous to the type of selection exercised by breeders of cattle, horses, or dogs
Natural Selection
we humans choose individual specimens of plants or animals for breeding on the basis of characteristics that seem to us desirable.
Artificial Selection
a scientific consistency and cohesiveness to the concept of evolution (Darwinism)
The Origin of Species
“Is man an angel or an ape? My Lord, I am on the side of the angels”.
Benjamin Disraeli
made an honorable effort to calculate the age of the Earth.
James Ussher
“Humans were created five days later, at 9:00 in the morning, Greenwich mean time.”
Dr. John Lightfoot
used temperatures taken in deep shafts: reasoned that the Earth would cool from its primitive molten state to present temperatures at constant rate.
Lord Kelvin
A 19th century anatomist.
Remembered for many scientific contributions including monographs on comparative anatomy which remarked upon hearing Darwin’s ideas of natural selection words to the effect
Thomas H. Huxley
Argued that organisms must be understood as functional whole.
Possible combination were limited to parts that meshed harmoniously and met necessary conditions for existence.
George Cuvier
English anatomist and believed like Cuvier that species were irreversible but he felt that homology could not be left without
explanation.
Richard Owen
He envision that the vertebrates skeleton is consisted of a series of segments which he termed ‘vertebrae’.
Richard Owen
the similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent or a common evolutionary ancestor.
Homology
a biological blueprint in which an organism originated.
Archetype
Concavity
Nerve Cord
An area where all ribs are connected
Thoracic Area
Prominences or projections
Apophysis
Articulated with one vertebra to the next vertebra
Zygapophysis
Neural Arch (canal)
Neuropophysis
Articulation of two upper headed ribs
Diapophysis
Prominence
Pleurapophysis
Articulation of two lower headed ribs
Parapophysis
Cavity between haemal arches which encloses the blood vessel
Haemapophysis
Dabbled in morphology and the first
one to suggest that the vertebrates’
skull was created from modified and
fused vertebrae.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe
19th-century German “nature philosophers,” who speculated about the significance of life, which they believed to be derived from a vital force that could not be understood totally through scientific means
Lorenz Oken
assaults an organism with a wrath of predators, challenges of climate, and competition from others.
External Environments
