Lecture Module 1 Flashcards
It is central to evolutionary biology, evidence of past
evolutionary changes in animal structure.
evolutionary morphology
tail is symmetrical= Both lobes of the tail are equal in shape.
homocercal tail
presence of swim bladder - air filled sac for dense neutral body buoyancy
homocercal tail
lobes of the tail are unequal and the upper lobe is elongated
heterocercal tail
helps answer question and
give us better understanding of animal design.
functional analysis
discipline that relates
structure to its function.
functional morphology
Generally, comparative
analysis is used either in a historical or a nonhistorical context.
comparative analysis
History of life, also the
process of evolution behind morphological units (jaw, limbs, eyes.)
historical context
look outside evolutionary context, without elucidation of evolutionary process.
non historical context
allows us to make prediction, perhaps re-examine initial analysis of structure and return with improved hypotheses about system of interest.
extrapolative
tool of insight guide our analysis and set up hypothesis
comparison
who developed developed ideas about the course of change
from fishlike and scaly animals to land forms
anaximander
the concept of evolution is tied to the name
charles darwin
who saw original creatures come
together in oddly assembled ways—humans with heads of cattle, animals with branches like
trees
empedocles
How many conditions did Darwin proposed
3
if left unchecked, members of any species increase naturally in number because all possess a high reproductive potential
first condition
competition for the declining resources
second condition
competition leads to survival of the few
third condition
Hierarchy wherein the
simplest creatures had the position on the
bottommost rung, while man occupies the top rung.
Scala Naturae or Ladder of Nature
the first great biologist, believed that all things could be arranged in a hierarchy.
aristotle
A great Swedish naturalist who
devised the present system of
nomenclature (naming) for
species, or kinds, of organisms
which still acts as a basis to
modern taxonomy.
Carolus Linnaeus
a book which described every species of plants known at the time
Species Plantarum
Summed up his beliefs along
with his natural history in a book
entitled The Wisdom of God
Manifested in the Works of
the Creation
Reverend John Ray
The archdeacon of Carlisle,
articulated the common beliefs
of his day in his book Natural
Theology or Evidence of the
Existence and Attributes of the
Deity Collected from the
Appearances of Nature (1802).
William Paley
He was a curator of the
Museum of Comparative
Zoology in Harvard University
Louis Agassiz
First modern scientist to
work out a systematic concept
of evolution.
J.B. de Lamarck
Organs in animals become stronger or
weaker more or less important by use or
disuse and these changes are
transmitted from parents to the progeny.
Inheritance of Acquired characteristics
There is an unconscious striving upward on the Scala Naturae which moved every
living creature toward greater complexity.
“Universal Escalator to Perfection”
The concept of a ladder of progress was
misleading, for it viewed animal evolution as internally driven in a particular direction, from the early, imperfect, soft-bodied forms up toward perfected human.
Upward to Perfection
He observed that unchecked breeding causes populations to grow geometrically at the same time the supply of food grows more slowly, thus species had to evolve to adapt to these changes.
Alfred Russel Wallace
according to Darwin, was a process analogous to the type of selection exercised by breeders of cattle, horses, or dogs
Natural Selection
we humans choose individual specimens of plants or animals for breeding on the basis of characteristics that seem to us desirable.
Artificial Selection
a scientific consistency and cohesiveness to the concept of evolution (Darwinism)
The Origin of Species
“Is man an angel or an ape? My Lord, I am on the side of the angels”.
Benjamin Disraeli
made an honorable effort to calculate the age of the Earth.
James Ussher
“Humans were created five days later, at 9:00 in the morning, Greenwich mean time.”
Dr. John Lightfoot
used temperatures taken in deep shafts: reasoned that the Earth would cool from its primitive molten state to present temperatures at constant rate.
Lord Kelvin
A 19th century anatomist.
Remembered for many scientific contributions including monographs on comparative anatomy which remarked upon hearing Darwin’s ideas of natural selection words to the effect
Thomas H. Huxley
Argued that organisms must be understood as functional whole.
Possible combination were limited to parts that meshed harmoniously and met necessary conditions for existence.
George Cuvier
English anatomist and believed like Cuvier that species were irreversible but he felt that homology could not be left without
explanation.
Richard Owen
He envision that the vertebrates skeleton is consisted of a series of segments which he termed ‘vertebrae’.
Richard Owen
the similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent or a common evolutionary ancestor.
Homology
a biological blueprint in which an organism originated.
Archetype
Concavity
Nerve Cord
An area where all ribs are connected
Thoracic Area
Prominences or projections
Apophysis
Articulated with one vertebra to the next vertebra
Zygapophysis
Neural Arch (canal)
Neuropophysis
Articulation of two upper headed ribs
Diapophysis
Prominence
Pleurapophysis
Articulation of two lower headed ribs
Parapophysis
Cavity between haemal arches which encloses the blood vessel
Haemapophysis
Dabbled in morphology and the first
one to suggest that the vertebrates’
skull was created from modified and
fused vertebrae.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe
19th-century German “nature philosophers,” who speculated about the significance of life, which they believed to be derived from a vital force that could not be understood totally through scientific means
Lorenz Oken
assaults an organism with a wrath of predators, challenges of climate, and competition from others.
External Environments
a manifestation of these factors in which the internal factors play a part as well.
natural selection
sets boundaries to allowable
change. It establishes possibilities
engendered by natural selection
internal construction
term morphology for cuvier
study of structure with function
term morphology for owen
study of archetypes behind the structure
term morphology for huxley
study of structural change over time
The term homology applies to two or more features that share a common ancestry.
ancestry
similarity between successively repeated parts in the same organism.
serial homology
The concept of homology as the relationship between two characters in two different species as inherited from a common ancestor.
historical homology
exhibits structures which perform similar functions, but they may or may not have similar ancestry.
analogy
look alike and may
or may not be homologous or analogous.
homoplastic structures
three different types of homoplasy
convergence, parallelism, and reversal
refers to the evolution of similar traits in response to similar adaptive pressures, but not to similar genes and developmental processes.
convergence
occurs in closely related taxa, and is defined as the independent development of a descendant character that is not present on a common ancestor.
parallelism
instances of homoplasy in which a character appears, subsequently disappears, and later reappears along the descendants in one lineage.
reversals
describes the way in which animal’s body meets the surrounding environment.
symmetry
2 common body symmetry
radial and bilateral
-refers to a body that is laid out equally from a central axis, so that any of several planes passing through the central divides the animal into equal or mirror halves.
radial symmetry
divides the body in into two mirrored images, left and right.
bilateral symmetry
refers to the head end
anterior
refers to the tail
posterior
refers to the back
dorsal
refers to the belly or front
ventral
midline of the body
medial
refers to the sides of the body
lateral
farthest to the main bulk of the body
distal
nearest to the main bulk of the body
proximal
chest supports the forelimbs
pectoral
hips supporting hindlimbs
pelvic
divides a bilateral body into dorsal and ventral sections
frontal plane
splits the body into left and right portions
sagittal plane
separated body into anterior and posterior portions
transverse plane
process that divides the body into duplicated sections
segmentation or metamerism
covers both how a part works in an organism and how it serves adaptively in the environment.
function
refers to how the part is used in the environment during the course of the organism`s life history
biological role
biological roles of feathers:
thermoregulation, flight, reproduction
Means that a structure or behavior possesses the necessary form and function before (hence pre-) the biological role arises that it eventually serves.
pre-adaptation
most conspicuous role of feathers
flight
bear the traces of ancestral structures because evolution proceeds largely through the process of remodeling.
descendant organisms
course of evolution that us summarized into graphic schemes or dendograms
phylogeny
depicted by a tree-like, branched connection between taxa-represents a faithful expression of relationships between different taxa
dendogram
the study of ancestor-descendent relationships
phylogenetics
wrote the generelle morphologie der organismen
ernst haeckel
a diagram that represents the evolutionary relationships among organisms
phylogenetic tree
ancestral state of a character
pleistomorphy
a character state different than the ancestral state
apomorphy
derived character state that is shared by to o more taxa due to inheritance from a common ancestor
synamorphy
a uniquely derived character state
automorphy
named group of organisms
taxon
groups that exist in nature resulting from evolutionary events
natural taxon
group that does not correspond to an actual unit of evolution
artificial taxon
taxon most related closely related to the taxon studied
sister group
If a group of organisms carry a large number of distinctive characteristics, it can be recognized that the group has reached a
grade
expression of degree of change or level of adaptation reached by an evolving taxa
grade
sums up all organisms in a lineage plus their common ancestor
clade
organisms with similar or homologous characteristics placed together in a clade
traditional systematics
organisms belonging to same clade, also called as cladistics
phylogenetic characteristics
basis for recognizing a clade
genealogy
recognized without concern for the amount of anatomical variation within the taxon
clades
dendogram depicting a genealogy
cladogram
types of clades
monophyletic, polyphyletic, paraphyletic
includes an ancestor and all of its descendants but only its decsendants
monophyletic
groups formed on the bases of non-homologous characteristics
polyphyletic
groups that include a common ancestor and some but not all of its descendants
paraphyletic
divisions within a clade
crown group, stem group, total group
the smallest clade that includes all living members of the group and any fossils nested in between
crown group
the set of extinct taxa not included in the crown group but are more closely related to the crown group that to any other
stem group
composed of both crown and stem groups
total group
study of what fossils tells us about the ecologies of the past
paleontology
Greek biologist who discovered seashells on land, and deduced that the land was once a seafloor.
Xenophanes
Chinese scientist who was able to use fossilized bamboo to form a theory of climate change.
Shen Kuo
quadrate bone function in reptiles
attach the lower jaw to the skull
quadrate bones in reptiles biological role
quadrate participates in feeding and hearing
conspicuous role of feathers
flight
birds were ground or tree dwelling, reptile like animals
immediate ancestors
5 preflight stages
leap, parachuting, gliding, flailing, flapping
Reptiles ______ branch in order to escape pursuing predators or get to adjacent trees without making a long journey down one tree and back up the other
leaped
animal spread its limbs and flattened its body to increase resistance and slow descent during the vertical drop, softening the impact on landing
parachuting
animal deflected from the line of fall, so horizontal travel increased
gliding
early stage of active flight
flailing
gave access to habitats unavailable to terrestrial species
flapping
evolutionary change usually involves what
renovation
where do early civilizations used fossils
decorative or religious purposes
what do scientists used to determine the age of a rock layer by examining how certain atoms in the rock have changed since the rock formed
radiometric dating
allows ages to be assigned to rock layers, which can then be used to determine the ages of fossils
radiometric dating
