Lecture Module 1 Flashcards
1
Q
It is central to evolutionary biology, evidence of past
evolutionary changes in animal structure.
A
evolutionary morphology
2
Q
tail is symmetrical= Both lobes of the tail are equal in shape.
A
homocercal tail
3
Q
presence of swim bladder - air filled sac for dense neutral body buoyancy
A
homocercal tail
4
Q
lobes of the tail are unequal and the upper lobe is elongated
A
heterocercal tail
5
Q
helps answer question and
give us better understanding of animal design.
A
functional analysis
6
Q
discipline that relates
structure to its function.
A
functional morphology
7
Q
Generally, comparative
analysis is used either in a historical or a nonhistorical context.
A
comparative analysis
8
Q
History of life, also the
process of evolution behind morphological units (jaw, limbs, eyes.)
A
historical context
9
Q
look outside evolutionary context, without elucidation of evolutionary process.
A
non historical context
10
Q
allows us to make prediction, perhaps re-examine initial analysis of structure and return with improved hypotheses about system of interest.
A
extrapolative
11
Q
tool of insight guide our analysis and set up hypothesis
A
comparison
12
Q
who developed developed ideas about the course of change
from fishlike and scaly animals to land forms
A
anaximander
13
Q
the concept of evolution is tied to the name
A
charles darwin
14
Q
who saw original creatures come
together in oddly assembled ways—humans with heads of cattle, animals with branches like
trees
A
empedocles
15
Q
How many conditions did Darwin proposed
A
3
16
Q
if left unchecked, members of any species increase naturally in number because all possess a high reproductive potential
A
first condition
17
Q
competition for the declining resources
A
second condition
18
Q
competition leads to survival of the few
A
third condition
19
Q
Hierarchy wherein the
simplest creatures had the position on the
bottommost rung, while man occupies the top rung.
A
Scala Naturae or Ladder of Nature
20
Q
the first great biologist, believed that all things could be arranged in a hierarchy.
A
aristotle
21
Q
A great Swedish naturalist who
devised the present system of
nomenclature (naming) for
species, or kinds, of organisms
which still acts as a basis to
modern taxonomy.
A
Carolus Linnaeus
22
Q
a book which described every species of plants known at the time
A
Species Plantarum
23
Q
Summed up his beliefs along
with his natural history in a book
entitled The Wisdom of God
Manifested in the Works of
the Creation
A
Reverend John Ray
24
Q
The archdeacon of Carlisle,
articulated the common beliefs
of his day in his book Natural
Theology or Evidence of the
Existence and Attributes of the
Deity Collected from the
Appearances of Nature (1802).
A
William Paley
25
He was a curator of the
Museum of Comparative
Zoology in Harvard University
Louis Agassiz
26
First modern scientist to
work out a systematic concept
of evolution.
J.B. de Lamarck
27
Organs in animals become stronger or
weaker more or less important by use or
disuse and these changes are
transmitted from parents to the progeny.
Inheritance of Acquired characteristics
28
There is an unconscious striving upward on the Scala Naturae which moved every
living creature toward greater complexity.
“Universal Escalator to Perfection”
29
The concept of a ladder of progress was
misleading, for it viewed animal evolution as internally driven in a particular direction, from the early, imperfect, soft-bodied forms up toward perfected human.
Upward to Perfection
30
He observed that unchecked breeding causes populations to grow geometrically at the same time the supply of food grows more slowly, thus species had to evolve to adapt to these changes.
Alfred Russel Wallace
31
according to Darwin, was a process analogous to the type of selection exercised by breeders of cattle, horses, or dogs
Natural Selection
32
we humans choose individual specimens of plants or animals for breeding on the basis of characteristics that seem to us desirable.
Artificial Selection
33
a scientific consistency and cohesiveness to the concept of evolution (Darwinism)
The Origin of Species
34
“Is man an angel or an ape? My Lord, I am on the side of the angels”.
Benjamin Disraeli
35
made an honorable effort to calculate the age of the Earth.
James Ussher
36
“Humans were created five days later, at 9:00 in the morning, Greenwich mean time.”
Dr. John Lightfoot
37
used temperatures taken in deep shafts: reasoned that the Earth would cool from its primitive molten state to present temperatures at constant rate.
Lord Kelvin
38
A 19th century anatomist.
Remembered for many scientific contributions including monographs on comparative anatomy which remarked upon hearing Darwin’s ideas of natural selection words to the effect
Thomas H. Huxley
39
Argued that organisms must be understood as functional whole.
Possible combination were limited to parts that meshed harmoniously and met necessary conditions for existence.
George Cuvier
40
English anatomist and believed like Cuvier that species were irreversible but he felt that homology could not be left without
explanation.
Richard Owen
41
He envision that the vertebrates skeleton is consisted of a series of segments which he termed ‘vertebrae’.
Richard Owen
42
the similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent or a common evolutionary ancestor.
Homology
43
a biological blueprint in which an organism originated.
Archetype
44
Concavity
Nerve Cord
45
An area where all ribs are connected
Thoracic Area
46
Prominences or projections
Apophysis
47
Articulated with one vertebra to the next vertebra
Zygapophysis
48
Neural Arch (canal)
Neuropophysis
49
Articulation of two upper headed ribs
Diapophysis
50
Prominence
Pleurapophysis
51
Articulation of two lower headed ribs
Parapophysis
52
Cavity between haemal arches which encloses the blood vessel
Haemapophysis
53
Dabbled in morphology and the first
one to suggest that the vertebrates’
skull was created from modified and
fused vertebrae.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe
54
19th-century German “nature philosophers,” who speculated about the significance of life, which they believed to be derived from a vital force that could not be understood totally through scientific means
Lorenz Oken
55
assaults an organism with a wrath of predators, challenges of climate, and competition from others.
External Environments
56
a manifestation of these factors in which the internal factors play a part as well.
natural selection
57
sets boundaries to allowable
change. It establishes possibilities
engendered by natural selection
internal construction
58
term morphology for cuvier
study of structure with function
59
term morphology for owen
study of archetypes behind the structure
60
term morphology for huxley
study of structural change over time
61
The term homology applies to two or more features that share a common ancestry.
ancestry
62
similarity between successively repeated parts in the same organism.
serial homology
63
The concept of homology as the relationship between two characters in two different species as inherited from a common ancestor.
historical homology
64
exhibits structures which perform similar functions, but they may or may not have similar ancestry.
analogy
65
look alike and may
or may not be homologous or analogous.
homoplastic structures
66
three different types of homoplasy
convergence, parallelism, and reversal
67
refers to the evolution of similar traits in response to similar adaptive pressures, but not to similar genes and developmental processes.
convergence
68
occurs in closely related taxa, and is defined as the independent development of a descendant character that is not present on a common ancestor.
parallelism
69
instances of homoplasy in which a character appears, subsequently disappears, and later reappears along the descendants in one lineage.
reversals
70
describes the way in which animal’s body meets the surrounding environment.
symmetry
71
2 common body symmetry
radial and bilateral
72
-refers to a body that is laid out equally from a central axis, so that any of several planes passing through the central divides the animal into equal or mirror halves.
radial symmetry
73
divides the body in into two mirrored images, left and right.
bilateral symmetry
74
refers to the head end
anterior
75
refers to the tail
posterior
76
refers to the back
dorsal
77
refers to the belly or front
ventral
78
midline of the body
medial
79
refers to the sides of the body
lateral
80
farthest to the main bulk of the body
distal
81
nearest to the main bulk of the body
proximal
82
chest supports the forelimbs
pectoral
83
hips supporting hindlimbs
pelvic
84
divides a bilateral body into dorsal and ventral sections
frontal plane
85
splits the body into left and right portions
sagittal plane
86
separated body into anterior and posterior portions
transverse plane
87
process that divides the body into duplicated sections
segmentation or metamerism
88
covers both how a part works in an organism and how it serves adaptively in the environment.
function
89
refers to how the part is used in the environment during the course of the organism`s life history
biological role
90
biological roles of feathers:
thermoregulation, flight, reproduction
91
Means that a structure or behavior possesses the necessary form and function before (hence pre-) the biological role arises that it eventually serves.
pre-adaptation
92
most conspicuous role of feathers
flight
93
bear the traces of ancestral structures because evolution proceeds largely through the process of remodeling.
descendant organisms
94
course of evolution that us summarized into graphic schemes or dendograms
phylogeny
95
depicted by a tree-like, branched connection between taxa-represents a faithful expression of relationships between different taxa
dendogram
96
the study of ancestor-descendent relationships
phylogenetics
97
wrote the generelle morphologie der organismen
ernst haeckel
98
a diagram that represents the evolutionary relationships among organisms
phylogenetic tree
99
ancestral state of a character
pleistomorphy
100
a character state different than the ancestral state
apomorphy
101
derived character state that is shared by to o more taxa due to inheritance from a common ancestor
synamorphy
102
a uniquely derived character state
automorphy
103
named group of organisms
taxon
104
groups that exist in nature resulting from evolutionary events
natural taxon
105
group that does not correspond to an actual unit of evolution
artificial taxon
106
taxon most related closely related to the taxon studied
sister group
107
If a group of organisms carry a large number of distinctive characteristics, it can be recognized that the group has reached a
grade
108
expression of degree of change or level of adaptation reached by an evolving taxa
grade
109
sums up all organisms in a lineage plus their common ancestor
clade
110
organisms with similar or homologous characteristics placed together in a clade
traditional systematics
111
organisms belonging to same clade, also called as cladistics
phylogenetic characteristics
112
basis for recognizing a clade
genealogy
113
recognized without concern for the amount of anatomical variation within the taxon
clades
114
dendogram depicting a genealogy
cladogram
115
types of clades
monophyletic, polyphyletic, paraphyletic
116
includes an ancestor and all of its descendants but only its decsendants
monophyletic
117
groups formed on the bases of non-homologous characteristics
polyphyletic
118
groups that include a common ancestor and some but not all of its descendants
paraphyletic
119
divisions within a clade
crown group, stem group, total group
120
the smallest clade that includes all living members of the group and any fossils nested in between
crown group
121
the set of extinct taxa not included in the crown group but are more closely related to the crown group that to any other
stem group
122
composed of both crown and stem groups
total group
123
study of what fossils tells us about the ecologies of the past
paleontology
124
Greek biologist who discovered seashells on land, and deduced that the land was once a seafloor.
Xenophanes
125
Chinese scientist who was able to use fossilized bamboo to form a theory of climate change.
Shen Kuo
126
quadrate bone function in reptiles
attach the lower jaw to the skull
126
quadrate bones in reptiles biological role
quadrate participates in feeding and hearing
127
conspicuous role of feathers
flight
128
birds were ground or tree dwelling, reptile like animals
immediate ancestors
129
5 preflight stages
leap, parachuting, gliding, flailing, flapping
130
Reptiles ______ branch in order to escape pursuing predators or get to adjacent trees without making a long journey down one tree and back up the other
leaped
131
animal spread its limbs and flattened its body to increase resistance and slow descent during the vertical drop, softening the impact on landing
parachuting
132
animal deflected from the line of fall, so horizontal travel increased
gliding
133
early stage of active flight
flailing
134
gave access to habitats unavailable to terrestrial species
flapping
135
evolutionary change usually involves what
renovation
136
where do early civilizations used fossils
decorative or religious purposes
137
what do scientists used to determine the age of a rock layer by examining how certain atoms in the rock have changed since the rock formed
radiometric dating
138
allows ages to be assigned to rock layers, which can then be used to determine the ages of fossils
radiometric dating
