Anatomy of MudPuppy Flashcards
It is an example of a primitive amphibian closely related to the forms from which more advanced higher land vertebrates develop
Necturus
Its _____ ______ position as a _____ ______ is reflected in that it both retains some feature found in fish and exhibits structural dements corresponding to those in higher vertebrates
Intermediate phylogenetic, primitive terrestrial tetrapod
Mud puppy has limbs and lungs thats why it is pkaced in this supercalss
Tetrapoda
Because it has a tail it belongs to thing amphibian order
Urodela (Caudata)
The most common form of genus Necturus
N. punctatus found fly in the lower segments of the rivers- small uniformly colored and a dwarf derivative
Optimal temperature for its survival
18 degrees Celsius
Where are Mudpuppys commonly found
Streams having a stony bed
Since it spends its entire life in water it does nit undergo metamorphosis (as do most other amphibians) but rather retain _____
External gills
The persistence of a larval characteristic in and adult animal that has not undergone metamorphosis is known as?
Neoteny
The skin of Nectarus is specialized as a highly protective coat this protective quality is due to a slimy nature and the body color changes according to variations in environmental light, these are results of ____
Activities of distinct histological structures in the skin - epidermal layer
Like other amphibians, Nectarus lacks ___
Scales
Its skin is smooth and moist because of the presence of numerous glands that are capable of
secreting copious amounts of mucus
Stratum means
Stratal/layer
The integument of Necturus is consists of
Epidermis and a dermis
The epidermis is made up of a
Stratum basalis, a layer of columnar cells - Epithelial base
Stratum basalis rests several layers of increasing number of _____ ____ that grade into flattened cells near the free surface
Polyhedral cells
The outermost squamous layer is only ________
Slightly cornified, as with all water-living amphibians
A flattened polygonal tissue
Stratum corneum
True cornified layer, is present in the land living amphibious such as frogs
Stratum corneum
Characterized by the presence of numerous club or flask shaped cells which appear to be glandular nature
Epidermis
Together with the mucous glands they are responsible for slime coat covering the body surface
Epidermis
Located on the boundary of the dermis and epidermis
Chromotaphores
The epidermis is separated from the dermis by a basement membrane and a fibrous layer containing pigments cells?
Chromatophores
The general color of amphibians
Green
Contains dark pigment, are the deepest, and are covered by a middle layer of iridocytes
Melanophores
This are pseudochromatophores, Lacks pigments but contain crystals of guanine that diffract the light, has a blue green color
Iridocytes
Most superficial of the three pigment layers is made up of a yellowish pigment that filters out the blue so that the overall color effect is green
Lipophores
Changes in body coloration are determined by
Pigment cell activity
In indirect response, impulses resulting from stimulation of the eyes are relayed first to the brain and then to the adrenal and pituitary glands causing
hormonal secretions that about pigment cell alteration
Fibrous connective type of tissue
Dermis
Relatively thin and is composed of an outer looser and an inner more compact skin
Dermis
Looser dermis
Stratum spongiosum
More compact dermis
Stratum compactum
The dermis contains of:
Abundant number of blood vessels, lymph spaces, nerves, and glands
Both of epidermal origin
Succular mucous glands and poison glands
Lying just subadjacent to the epidermis
Mucous glands
Low cuboidal or almost squamous cell lining
Mucous glands
Containing granular, irregularly spaced secretary cekks that are larger and more deeply located
Poison glands
Ensheathed in a heavy connective tissue
Poison glands
Occur on the dorsal surface of the body and function as a deterrent to predators
Poison glands
Flattened dorsoventrally, it contains a terminal mouth
Head
These are fairly well developed and bound the mouth
Lips
Widely separated at the anterior end of the snout, they communicate with the mouth at the internal nares
External nares
Small, located above the corners of the mouth and they have no lids
Eyes
Three in number, they are functional and are located just in front of the forelimbs
External gills
Being derivatives of the integument, these gills are no homologous with the internal gills of fishes
External gills
Two pairs are present bilaterally between the external gills, the communicate with the pharynx
Gill slits
Transverse fold of skin located on the ventral surface, anterior to the level of the gills, it is the dividing line between head and trunk
Gular fold
Compressed dorsoventrally and covered by a smooth skin
Trunk
The forelimbs are small and weal and each is divided into an arm, a forearm, and head that bears fours digits
Pectoral limbs
Spongey - loose - epithelial
Stratum compactum
Provides slippery texture
Mucous glands
This opening is located ventral in the midline, posterior to the hind limbs
Cloacal aperture
Marks the posterior limit of the trunk, both digestive and excretory products pass through
Cloacal aperture
Compressed laterally, it is well developed
Tail
