Lecture Final New Material Flashcards
Identify the 3 planes of anatomy
- Transverse Plane
- Sagittal Plane
- Coronal Plane
What does the Coronal Plane Seperate?
Anterior and Posterior
What does the sagittal plane seperate?
Right and Left
What does the transverse plane seperate?
Superior and Inferior halves
Describe the orientation of the spinalis muscle
Next to the spine
What muscle group does spinalis, ilicostalis and longissimus belong to?
Erector Spinae Muscles
Describe the orientation of the longissimus
Most lateral
List the spinal meninges .
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater
Describe the location of the Liver
Most of the liver resides in upper right quandrant, and just inferior to diaphram
What are the four Lobes of the Liver?
right,
left,
caudate (inferior and posterior)-inbeteen land and right and next to vena cava)
quadrate(next to gall bladder and inferior vena cava)
Where is the caudate lobe of the liver?
Surrounded by the inferior vena cava and leigamentum venosum on the right and left
Inferior-Quadrate
Right-Right Lobe
Left-Left Lobe
Where is the Quadrate Lobe of the liver?
Next to gall bladder in the middle
List some functions of the liver discussed in class.
Metabolize carbohydrates, fats and protein Produce bile Excretion Glycogen storage Detoxification Regulate blood clotting Over 500 functions have been identified
Where is the Quadrate Lobe of the liver?
Next to gall bladder in the middle
superior to it is the portal triad
List some functions of the liver discussed in class.
Metabolize carbohydrates, fats and protein Produce bile Excretion Glycogen storage Detoxification (anesthesia) Regulate blood clotting(clotting factor) Over 500 functions have been identified
Can the liver regenerate?
Yes
Good for transplants
Explain the pathways for blood to leave the liver.
There are two ways the blood can go to the liver:
1) r. and l. hepatic arteries (high in oxygen)
Common hepatic to proper hepatic to r and left hepatic)
2) hepatic portal vein
(supplies workload)
Blood leaves the liver via the ________________________.
Inferior Vena Cava
What faces posteriorly on the liver?
Veins
Portal Triad
Where is the portal triad located in the liver?
Hepatic portal vein is more anterior and have hepatic arterial supply next to it along with the
List the veins that join the hepatic portal vein and explain where they originated.
1) r. and l. gastro-omental veins-Stomach
2) splenic vein-Spleen
3) inferior mesenteric vein-Smalland large intestine
4) superior mesenteric vein-small and large intestine
5) pancreaticoduodenal vein-Pancreas and duadenum
6) r. and l. gastric veins-stomach
Explain the processes of a liver becoming cirrhotic.
Caused by chronic inflammation…process? Common sources of inflammation include ethanol, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and viral infections (chronic hepatitis C infection). Permanently damages the liver. Connective tissue decreases -Enlargement of liver or fibrosis Cirrosis leads to liver cancer
Describe two pathways for bile release into the duodenum.
cystic artery
Describe two pathways for bile release into the duodenum.
Starting at the Gall Bladder:
-Cystic Duct to Common Bile Duct to duadenum
Staring at the Liver:
-Bile duct will come up and split into the hepatic duct and Cystic Duct.
-Hepatic Duct Comes up and splits into the R and L hepatic Ducts
Explain how the pancreas and gall bladder drain and how these two pathways are related.
Pancreatic duct delivers digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the duodenum.
Pancreatic duct splits into the main and accessory pancreatic ducts (note location).
Minor and major duodenal papillae
Explain how the pancreas and gall bladder drain and how these two pathways are related.
Pancreatic duct delivers digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the duodenum.
Pancreatic duct splits into the main and accessory pancreatic ducts (note location).
-Minor and major duodenal papillae
-Not all of digestive enzymes are made in pancreas but some are made in small intestine
Describe the location and function of the spleen
”Lymph node” of the blood.
- Can also store platelets
- More important when you are younger. (weaker immune system)
Explain the problems associated with spleen being a capsulated organ
Capsulated organ
Prone to mechanical damage and when it is swollen. (Mononeucleosis)
-Splenic Artery is large so you can bleed out
What blood does the superior mesentaaric artery receive?
All of small intestine, transverse and ascending colon
What veins dump into the inferior vena cava in the liver?
1) r. hepatic vein
2) middle hepatic vein
3) l. hepatic vein
When you look down from superiorly you usually see the openings
How is the hepatic portal system affected by a cirrotic liver?
Impairs circulation and difficult getting blood into liver. Build up of blood in venous supply.
How is the hepatic portal system affected by a cirrotic liver?
Impairs circulation and difficult getting blood into liver. Build up of blood in venous supply. Bad varicose veins around umbilics or hemhorroids
what happens if gall bladder is removed?
The common hepatic duct will swell over time working like a mini gall bladder
Describe the pathway from gall bladder of spleen
- Gallbladder
- Cystic Duct branches into
- Common hepatic duct and Common Bile Duct
- From Common Bile duct to Main pancreatic duct
- Major duodenal papilla
- To the left is the spleen
Where is the spleen located
Lateral and Posterior to Stomach
List the three parts of the small intestine
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
What do you see if you reflect the greater omentum superiorly?
The small intestine
What keeps the small intestine organized?
The dorsal mesentary
Where is the duodenum located?
coming right off the stomach and is the first part of the small intestine
1 ft long
-site of the c curvature
Where is the jejunum located?
The middle portion
Superior part of small intestine
Where is the ileum located?
inferior portion of the small intestine
What is the function of the small intestine?
1
What are the Tenia Coli of the colon?
They are three ribbons of smooth muscle that form the haustra from longitudal contractions
What does the ileocecal valve seperate?
The cecum from the ileum
What is the origin of the superior mesenteric artery?
Abdoominal Aorta
Name the three branches of the superior mesenteric artery
- Right Colic
- Middle Colic
- Ileocolic
What are the major branches that come off the inferior mesenteric artery?
Left Colic Artery
Sigmoid Arteries
What does the right Colic Artery Feed?
Ascending Colon
What Does the Middle Colic Artery Feed?
Transverse Coloon
What does the ileocolic artery feed?
Cecum, 1st part of colon on right
What is the orgin of the inferior mesentaric artery?
Abdominal Aorta
Where are the kidneys located in the abdominal cavity?
upper quadrants of adominal cavity
Posterior ribs provide some posterior protection to kidneys
What is the origin of the renal arteries?
They come directly off the abdominal aorta and goes to respective kidneys
Why is the left kidney more superior than the right anatomically?
liver is on the right and takes up alot of room
Why is the left kidney more prone to hypertention?
- Happens when renal arteries are disease free
- The superior mesenteric artery is anterior to the left renal vein so
- Abdominal aorta is deep to the left renal vein
- Left renal vein is sanwiched in between
- If the superior mesenteric artery becomes diseases it could create pressure on the left renal vein.
- Blood can’t leave kidney very well and kidney can shrink
- chronic hypertension can do the same thing
What is the origin of the ureters?
Renal Pelvis-Hilum of kidney
What is the function of the ureter?
Smooth muscle causes peristaltic movements to propel urine. This allows urine to get down to the bladder when you are lying down
Where does the ureter travel?
- Begins at the renal pelvis and comes out the hilum on the medial side of the kidney
- Travels superficial to iliac vessels (common iliac arteries and veins)
- runs to urinary bladder
Where is the renal cortex located?
Outer part
“rind of the kidney”
What is the function of the renal cortex?
Filtering-Location of glomeruli
What is the function of the renal pyramids?
-Adjusting concentration oof the urine
Where are the renal pyramids located?
In the medulla of the kidney
Fan shaped pieces
They have papillay Ducts
Where are the renal columns located?
In between renal pyramids
What is the function of the renal columns
Part of filteration in the cortex
What is the function of the Calcyces of the kidney?
Short tube that collects urine from the papilla of the pyramid and beings it to the major calcyc
What is the function of the major calyces of the kidney?
bring urine from minor calyce to renal pelvis
Where is the renal pelvis of the kidney?
Connects to ureter
What is the function of the renal pelvis of the kidney?
Brings urine from major calcye to ureter
Where is the renal pelvis of the kidney?
1
What are renal Calculi?
Kidney Stones which are stones oof concentrated urine with high levels of calcium
How do renal calculi form?
Many causes
-Low water intake (too much soda)
-Hyperparathyroidism-can increase blood calcium levels because parathyroid hormone removes calcium from bone
Crystals form from calcium salt buidup which promotes more crystal formation
What are some symptoms of renal calculi?
- Common-Blood in the urine-(smooth muscle of renal system squeezes down and cause trauma to tissue
- Severe back or flank pain (area of lower back in between ribs and hips)
Extremly painful to pass
What is the treatment for renal calculi?
Increase fluid intake (Less invasive procedure first)
Pain meds (Morphine)
Alpha Blockers
Ultrasound
Surgery-Last resort because scar tissue can form
The urinary bladder is a _______organ
retroperitoneal
What is the detrusor muscle made of?
Smooth muscle
Where is the urinary bladder?
Anterior to the rectum and inferior to the abdominal viscera (very Deep)
Where is the detrusor muscle?
Smooth Muscle that composes that bladder wall
-Feeling need to pee (contraction of detrusor)
What is the trigone of bladder?
Three holes in the inferior portion of the urinary bladder:
1. To urethra
2 and 3 each ureter
The ureters do not dump urine into top of bladder but in the inferior portion
What is micturition?
Urination
Describe the process of urination
- The urinary bladder stretches until it reflexivvely contracts (contrict) trying to void urine
- There are two sphinctors that keep the urine from leaving (interal at the base which is volutary and externa that is voluntary and made of skeltal muscle)
- If you don’t go then the muscle stops contracting but you lose the need to go but the bladder then continues to fill and once you have to go then you have to go really bad
What are the internal hip flexors?
Psoa Minor
Psoas minor
illacus
What is the function of the testes
Spermatogenesis and
Testosterone Production
Where is the tunica albuginea located?
On the outside of the testes
-White fibrous capsule
Where are the Lobules of the Testes located?
Contains Tightly packed dense coils called semineferous tubules where sperm is made
Where is the Rete Testis Located?
Where all lobules connect
Medial part of testes
Where is the epididymis located?
Comes off the rete testes
What and Where is the Ductus Deferens ?
- Comes off the epididymis
- Carries the sperm from epididymis to urethra
Pathway of Sperm form seminiferous tubules to spongy urethra.
- Semiiniferous tubules
- Rete Testes
- Epididymis
- Ductus Deferens
- ejaculatory duct
- Prostic Urethra
- Membranous urethra
- Spongy urethra
What are omental appendages?
Bags of fat coming off colon
What is the first branch off the abdominal aorta?
The Celiac Trunk
What feeds the small intestine?
Intestinal Arteries
what is the function of the ureter?
Bring urine to bladder from kidney
What structures are retroperintoneal?
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Where are the adrenal glands?
Superior Medial aspect of kidneys (look like fat)
Where is the hilum oof the kidney?
Medial aspect
Where does the right renal run?
Deep to inferior vena cava
Where does the left renal artery run?
Directly To the left side
Where does right renal vein run?
With Right Renal artery but stops at inferior vena cava
Where does the left renal vein run?
dives deep to superior mesenteric artery befor joing inferior vena cava
What is the problem with the kidney being a capsulated organ?
The kidney cannot swell due to the capsulation and can become painful
How much cardiac output goes to the kidneys?
About 20% and kidneys are only 2% of body weight
Because of this they have a high oxygen demand
What happens in the kidney when you excercise?
- Blood goes from kidneys to skeletal muscle to power it.
1. Afferent and Efferent Arterioles Constrict to maintain Gomerular filteration pressure to keep kidney functioning
What comes out of the hilum oof the kidney?
Renal Artery
Renal vein
ureter
What are the points of the renal pyramids called?
Papilla
Where do the papillary ducts drain?
Into the points of the papilla
Flow of Urine in the Kidney
- Papillary Ducts of pyramids
- Papilla
- Minor Calyce
- Major calcye
- Renal Pelvis
- Ureter
- Urinary Bladder
- Urethra
Where can kidney stones get stuck?
- Minor or Major Calcye
2. Ureter
Why is morphine a problem when trying to get out kidney stones?
- It slows peristalis in muscle
Why is the ureter located at the bottom of the bladder?
As urinary bladder starts to stretch we don’t want to overfill the bladder cause rupture is dangerous
Where is the psoas major muscle?
Biggest one
Where is the psoas minor muscle?
Mostly tendon, just superficial to psoas major
Thin strip
Where is the Iliacus Muscle?
Sitting in the iliac fossa
What is the group called of the 3 internal hip flexors?
iliosoas muscle group
Lateral side of ilium, Dive beloow
If you want to work your abdominal muscles what should you avoid?
Using your internal hip flexors
What are the ileosoas muscles important for and what happens if they get weak?
Keeping your pelvis aligned.
Weakness can cause anterior tilt which can cause canned femoral acetabulum impingement. Anterior also strtches internal flexors causing hip pain. You can prevent it by stretching hip flexors
What part of the nervous system are spinal nerves?
peripheral nervous system
What type of nerves are spinal nerves?
Mixed (it is the fusion of the ventral and dorsal root)
Where do you find the sensory portion of the spinal nerve?
In the Dorsal Root
Where do you find motor portion of the spinal nerve?
Ventral Root
In the dorsal root, there is a dorsal root ganglion, what do you find there?
The cell bodies of afferent (sensory) neurons
Spinalis
Bilateral muscle on each side of the spine
Most medial of the erector spinae group
Orientation of the Longissimus
Longest of the 3 erector spinae, in the middle
-Runs all the way up the thorax
orientation of iliocostalis
-Most lateral
Starts at the ileum and runs all the way up to ribs.
What branch of the spinal nerve is the posterior root?
Dorsal Root
What branch of the spinal nerve is the anterior root?
Ventral Root
What differentiates the dorsal root from the ventral root?
Dorsal root ganglion
What are longer sensory or motor nerves?
Sensory (cell bodies halfway)
What would happen if someone clipped a ventral root of a spinal nerve?
Lose motor function but still can feel
What is the difference between a sulcus and a fissure?
Fissure is larger
Where is the anterior median fissure?
on the bottom and bigger
Grey Matter
no myelin (Processing)
White Matter
Myelinated CNS neurons (sending and receiving)
Where are the anterior grey horns?
The same side as the anterior median fissure.
Contains somatic motor nucleui
Where are the posterior grey horns?
On the side of the posterior median sulcus and contain somatic and visceral sensory nucleui
What connects the left and right sides of grey matter?
Grey Commissure
Where is the cervical region of the spinal cord?
Around C8
Where is the Conus Medullaris of the Spinal Cord?
In the lumbar section
Spinal nerves follow the vertebrae excect that ______
There is one pair of extra nerves in the neck region (7 vertebrae but 8 pairs of spinal nerves)
The first pair of spinal nerves comes out ______ to the 1st neck vertebrae but end ______of C_
Superiorly, at the bottom of C7. the rest come off the bottom
What is the function of the Dura Mater?
Toughest outer layer made of collagen
What is the function of the arachnoid mater?
Spider web like appearance
Where is the pia mater?
Directly on the surface of the spinal cord with vasculature (sheen)
where is the ventral ramus?
Where the spinal nerve goes toward the front
What does the doral ramus innervate?
Erector spinae muscles
What do the lateral horns of the spinal cord contain?
Visceral motor neurons (sympathetic )
What part of the spinal cord comtain lateral gray horns?
Thoracic
What are interneurons?
processing neurons
spinal reflexes
What matter follows somatotrophy?
White matter
How is the white matter organized?
- 6 columns
- ascending(info from spinal cord to brain-sensory)) and descending tracts(brain to spinal cord-motor))
What is somatotrophy?
Body regions that corrospond to specific white mater tracts.
-The closer you are to the edge of the spinal cord the more it corresponds to the more distal region
Where is a typical lumbar puncture done?
Usually between L3-4 and L4-L5
Why is a lumbar puncture done in those regions?
the spinal cord ends on average around L1 so you can avoid skewering the spinal cord by inserting here yet still get csf.
What and Where is the cauda equina?
Means Horse tail
-It is a collection of nerve roots
What is the conus medularis and where is it?
Tapered lower end of the spinal cord. Occurs near L1 and sometime L2
What is the filum terminale?
Delicate strand of fibrous tissue that proceeds down from the apex of the conus medullaris.
-Provides longitudal support to the spinal Cord
Where is the Glenohumeral Joint
Between the scapula and humerus.
What is the glenohemeral joint?
- Shoulder joint-Ball and socket joint
- Connects the upper limb to the trunk
Describe the Glenohumeral joint
-Lots of movement but at a cost of joint stability
Articulation of genohumeral joint
The head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
- articulating surfaces are lined with hyaline cartilage
- inner lining of capsule is a synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid to reduce friction
- Bursa are present as well.
- allows circumduction
What are the muscles of the rotator cuff?
Suprapinitus
Infraspintus
Teres minor
Subscapularis (Only anterior muscle)-most often gets injured
What is the purpose of the rotator cuff?
Keep the humerus attached to the scapula
What is a shoulder impingment injury?
When the subacromial space becomes compressed and rubs against or impinges on the tendon and the bursa causing pain.
-Seen in active or older adults
What are the common causes of shoulder impingement?
when rotator cuff swells:
1. Pressure within the tendon increases and results in compression and reduced blood flow in the capillaries.When blood flow is reduced, the tendon can start too fray and pain occurs. It can even be as serious as a tear in the tendon and move as far down as the tear of biceps muscle tendon. The pain is made worse by reaching. Bursitis is closely related to Rotator Cuff impingement which is swelling of the fluid filled sac called the bura. Tendonitis is also
What is the subacromial space in the shoulder?
It is the space between the acromin and rotator cuff
Why is the shoulder sucestible to injury?
Unlike other joints the muscle and tendons of the shoulder are surrounded by bone. rather than musclee
Underneath the bone lies the rotator cuff. The rotator cuff is sandwiched inbetween the humerus and acromion. Injury causes it to sewell but because it is surrounded by bone a number of events can occur.
What is the rotator cuff?
A group of muscles and tendons we use to lift the arm overhead
Basilic vein
- Primary SUPERFICIAL vein that drains the upper limb
Why are the testes external?
Spermatogenesis needs to take place at a lower than normal body temp.
What happens in the epididymis?
Sperm mature and flagella become more active.
It is a tightly coiled tube.
Storage of sperm
what happens to extra sperm?
They will break down and immune system eats them