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BMS 547 > Exam 2 COPY > Flashcards

Exam 2 COPY Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the frontal lobe of the brain?

A

Most anterior lobe

extends from the anterior portion to the central sulcus

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2
Q

Where is the Median nerve located in the upper limb?

A

Middle of M and runs anterior to the brachial artery

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3
Q

What does the primary somatosensory do?

A

Interpret stimuli

Each sensory area has an association area.

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4
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

emotions
autonomic functions (body temp, thirst, hunger, sex drive)
hormone production

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5
Q

Origin-Great Cardiac Vein

A

Apex of the heart

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6
Q

Where is the radial artery located in the upper limb?

A

Posterior to the brachial artery

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7
Q

Where does the right coronary artery run?

A

To the right side of the heart

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8
Q

Origin-Radial Nerve

A

Posterior cord of the brachial plexus

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9
Q

Where do the anterior cardiac veins drain into?

A

the small cardiac vein

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10
Q

What are gyri?

A

Folds of cerebrum to increase surface area for processing

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11
Q

What does the upper subscapular nerve supply?

A

upper part of the subscapularis

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12
Q

Describe the flow of csf in the brain

A
  1. Lat. Ventricles (both sides)
  2. Medial through interventricular foramen (both sides)
  3. 3rd ventricle
  4. cerebral aquaduct
  5. 4th ventricle
  6. lateral (2) and median (1) aperatures
  7. subarachanoid space
  8. spinal cord and arachanoid villi
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13
Q

What is the other name for right AV valve?

A

Tricuspid Valve

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14
Q

What are the four locations of the choroid plexus in the brain?

A
  1. One on side of the lateral ventricles
  2. 3rd Ventricle
  3. 4th Ventricle
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15
Q

How is the brachial plexus formed?

A

From the fusion of spinal roots C5-T1

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16
Q

Where does the long thoracic nerve sit in the axilla?

A

Deep

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17
Q

What are the great vessels?

A

The vessels coming off the most superior portion of the heart

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18
Q

Insertion of pectoralis major

A

Lateral lip of intertubcular sulcus

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19
Q

Origin- Small Cardiac Vein

A

right margin of the heart

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20
Q

What does the Right AV (Tricuspid) Valve open into?

A

The right ventricle

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21
Q

How do the cerebral hemispheres work?

A

Receive sensory information and generates motor commands to the opposite sides of the body.
Also generates sensory commands

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22
Q

What is the function of the primary somatosenory association area?

A

Interpretation of stimuli

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23
Q

Where does the left coronary artery run?

A

To the left side of the heart

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24
Q

Where is the temporal lobe of the cerebrum?

A

most anterior part of the inferior half

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25
Q

What structure is affected by parkingson’s?

A

the substanchia nigra, Parkingsons can’t initiate motor programs

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26
Q

Where does the Great Cardiac Vein Run?

A

Starts at the apex of the heart and takes blood through interventricular surface where it then travels posteriorly to the coronary sinus

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27
Q

What blood vessels take blood into the heart?

A

Superior vena cava

inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus

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28
Q

Name the trunks of the brachial plexus

A

Upper
middle
lower

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29
Q

What are the problems with a slash injury to the axilla?

A
  1. Severing the axillary artery and bleeding out
  2. Sever brachial plexus where entire arm is then paralyzed
  3. Sever the axilary vein where an air bubble can be sucked in
  4. Server the thoracodorsal nerve and long thoracic nerve and serratus anterior is paralyzed
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30
Q

In which direction do the association fibers run in the brain?

A

Front and back

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31
Q

What does the radial artery innervate?

A

Muscles of the posterior arm and forearm and dorsum on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and half of the 4th digit

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32
Q

What major nerves are found within the axilla?

A 
Brachial Plexus
Median
Ulnar
Long Thoracic
Thoracodorsal
Lower Subscapular
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33
Q

What comes off of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?

A 
upper subscapular nerve
Thoracodorsal nerve
Lower subscapular nerve
Axillary nerve
radial nerve
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34
Q

Where does the coronary sinus receive blood from?

A

Great, middle and small cardiac veins

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35
Q

Action of Biceps Brachaii

A

Strong forearm Flexor and in a pronated state you can supinate the forearm

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36
Q

Origin of the medial pectoral nerve

A

Medial cord of the brachial plexus (C8-T1)

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37
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava attach to?

A

to the right atrium posteriorly

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38
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

CSF will not drain and circulation is impaired. Babies bones are not yet fused. Head enlarges

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39
Q

Where is the hypo thalamus located?

A

It is the pointed part of the brainstem

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40
Q

What does the axillary nerve innervate?

A

Deltoid

Teres minor

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41
Q

Where does the median nerve run in relation to the brachial artery and ulnar nerve?

A

More anterior

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42
Q

What secretes the CSF?

A

Coroid plexus

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43
Q

What does the musculocutaneous nerve run?

A

Most of the elbow flexors (Biceps Brachaii, Brachialis, coracobrachialis

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44
Q

Where is the midbrain located

A

Most superior portion of the brain stem

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45
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle located?

A

Anterior to the pons and cerebellum

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46
Q

What does the postcentral gyrus contain?

A

Contains the primary somatosensory area for skin and muscle

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47
Q

Insertion of pectoralis minor

A

Coracoid process of the scapula

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48
Q

What does the median nerve innervate in the hand?

A

2nd and 3rd digits and half of 4th digit

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49
Q

Where does the middle trunk of the bracial plexus come off?

A

C7

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50
Q

Occipital Lobe Function

A

Visual Cortex

Conscious perception of visual stimuli

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51
Q

What muscles are the anterior forearm flexors?

A 
Pronator Teres
Flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
flexor digitorum superficialis
flexor pollicis longus
flexor digitorum profundus
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52
Q

Origin of the pectoralis major

A

Medial half of the clavicle, sternum and costal cartilages (1-7)

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53
Q

Which side of the heart pumps more blood

A

Neither!

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54
Q

Where does the lateral pectoral nerve run?

A

Across the axillary artery and vein to innervate pectoralis major and sometimes pectoralis minor

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55
Q

What does the medial pectoral nerve supply ?

A

Pectoralis major and minor

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56
Q

What lung is bigger?

A

Right lung-to accomodate heart

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57
Q

What does the lower subscapular nerve innervate?

A

Teres major (inferior to scapula)

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58
Q

How are the cords in the brachial plexus named?

A

According to arterial supply

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59
Q

What does the heart lay in?

A

Mediastinum

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60
Q

What is the most anterior great vessel?

A

Pulmonary trunk

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61
Q

Where does the blood have low oxygen in the heart?

A

Leaving the heart via the pulmonary arteries(in blue)

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62
Q

Innervation of Coracobrachialis

A

Musculocutaneous Nerve

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63
Q

What does the ulnar nerve run in the forearm?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris

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64
Q

What is a nerve compression injury?

A

Nerve is comprssed and there is a mechanical problem where nerves can’t communicate. Example is arm falling asleep

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65
Q

What action does pectoralis major perform?

A

Medially rotates, flexes and adducts shoulder

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66
Q

What arteries comes off the left coronary artery?

A

On the anterior side-the anterior interventricular artery

2nd branch -left marginal artery

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67
Q

What is the function of projection fibers in the brain?

A

They send information anteriorly and posteriorly in the white matter
Connect cerebral cortex to diencephlan, brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord

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68
Q

What does the posterior axillary fold contain?

A

Teres major and latissimus dorsi and subscapularis

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69
Q

Parietal Lobe Function

A

Primary sensory coretx

Conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature and taste

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70
Q

What does the hypothalamus coordinate?

A

nervous and endochrine functions

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71
Q

What comes off the medial cord of the brachial plexus?

A

Medial root of the median nerve
Medial pectoral nerve
Ulnar nerve
(medial antebrachial nerve and medial brachial cutaneous nerves are sensory)

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72
Q

What vessel is to the right of the aorta?

A

Superior vena cava

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73
Q

What is the M formed by?

A

Lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus

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74
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory area?

A

postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

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75
Q

Where does the blood go from the pulmonary veins?

A

Into the left atrium of the heart

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76
Q

What great vessel is posterior to the pulmonary trunk?

A

the aorta

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77
Q

Origin of Long thoracic nerve

A

Brachial plexus

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78
Q

Where is the ulnar nerve located in the upper limb?

A

Medial to the median nerve and runs posterior to brachial artery

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79
Q

What does the left AV valve(bicuspid, mitral) open into?

A

left ventricle

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80
Q

Action of coracobrachalis

A

Adducts and Flexes humerus (shoulder)

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81
Q

What does the lateral pectoral artery supply blood to?

A

Serratus Interior and sometimes pectoralis major

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82
Q

What are arachanoid villiin the brain?

A

reabsorb csf and puts back into venous blood supply.

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83
Q

What is the function of coronary circulation?

A

get rid of waste and bring oxygen and nutrients to the heart

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84
Q

Where does blood go from the pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

Pulmonary trunk

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85
Q

Insertion of coracobrachialis

A

Medial side of shaft of humerus

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86
Q

What do the R and L coronary arteries feed?

A

The respective side of the heart

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87
Q

What is a motor program?

A

A storage of muscle actions and when to use certain muscles (muscle patterns)

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88
Q

How does the blood brain barrier protect the brain?

A

Chemical Protection

  1. Capillaries have tight junctions
  2. Lipid soluable (non polar) stuff can pass
  3. CO2 can pass
  4. Drugs like caffiene, nicoteine and anesthetics can pass
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89
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongota?

A

o Relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem
o Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (Cardio, respiratory and GI activity)

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90
Q

what does the left coronary artery branch into?

A

Left marginal artery and posterior left ventricular artery

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91
Q

Which side of the heart has a thicker myocardium?

A

left thus left is stronger

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92
Q

Where is the transverse fissure in the brain?

A

Seperates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

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93
Q

Where does the median nerve dive into the forearm?

A

at the pit of the elbow

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94
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A
  • Relays sensory information to the cerebellum and thalmus
  • Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers
  • Helps to regulate respiration (back seat driver), modifies it
  • To help coordinate involuntary skeletal muscle movements and tone
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95
Q

What are the 3 cords of the brachial plexus?

A

Lateral
Medial
Posterior

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96
Q

What does the lateral pectoral nerve supply?

A

Pectoralis Major

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97
Q

Where does the upper trunk of the brachial plexus come off?

A

C5-C6

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98
Q

Describe Huntingtons Disease and What it affects

A 
o Begins in Basal Nucleui
o Manifests by 40 years
o Autosomal dominant (1 parent 50/50 chance) of getting it
o 20 years to kill
o Initial signs-dropping things
o Miss grabbing things
o Continual degeneration
o Later-everything is moving
o Moves to whole brain-loses motor functions to swallow or breathe
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99
Q

Where does the ulnar nerve sit in the arm?

A

between the medial epicondyle and olecranon process

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100
Q

What sits in the posterior interventricular sulcus?

A

The middle cardiac vein and the posterior interventricular artery

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101
Q

Where does the aortic semilunar valve open into?

A

Aorta

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102
Q

Where does the medial pectoral nerve run and what does it innervate?

A

It travels between the axillary artery and vein to innervate the Pectoralis Minor and Sternal area of pectoralis major

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103
Q

What are the five major brachial plexus nerves?

A 
Musculocutaneous
Median
Ulnar
Axillary
Radial
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104
Q

What is shoulder dystocia?

A

Stretching the brachial plexus
Infants- shoulder trapped behind pubic bone
Adults-Falling off a horse

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105
Q

Where does the long thoracic nerve run?

A

Posterior to the brachial plexus to innervate the serratus anterior

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106
Q

Origin of Lateral pectoral nerve

A

Lateral cord of the brachial plexus

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107
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles located?

A

One in each cerebral hemisphere

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108
Q

What comes off the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?

A

Lateral pectoral nerve
musculocutaneous nerve
lateral root of the median nerve

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109
Q

What are the first branches to come off the aorta in the heart?

A

The coronary arteries

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110
Q

Where does blood go from the left ventricle?

A

aortic semilunar valve

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111
Q

What are the problems with a slash injury to the axilla?

A
  1. Severing the axillary artery and bleeding out
  2. Sever brachial plexus where entire arm is then paralyzed
  3. Sever the axillary vein where an air bubble can be sucked in
  4. Server the thoracodorsal nerve and long thoracic nerve and serratus anterior is paralyzed
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112
Q

Innervation of the Brachialis

A

Musculocutaneous Nerve

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113
Q

What does the profundus brachii artery come off of?

A

Brachial Artery

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114
Q

What does the anterior axillary fold contain?

A

Pectoralis major
Part of pectoralis minor
Clavipectoral fashia

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115
Q

Where does the thoracoacromial artery branch off the axillary artery in the axillary region?

A

The first part of axillary artery artery between the lateral border of 1st rib and medial border of pectoralis minor.

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116
Q

What does the great Cardiac Vein supply blood to?

A

coronary sinus

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117
Q

List four ways the brain is protected

A
  1. Fused Bones of the skull
  2. Cranial meniges
  3. CSF
  4. Blood Brain Barrier
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118
Q

What is the precentral Gyrus?

A

Receives input from the premotor area and the upper motor neurons live there

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119
Q

Orientation of the Brachialis Muscle

A

More lateral

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120
Q

What does the blood exit the right atrium into and through?

A

Tricuspid or Right AV valve

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121
Q

What is another name for the left AV valve?

A

Bicuspid or mitral

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122
Q

Name the Three parts of the basal nucleui

A

o Caudate Nucleus (medial)
o Putamen (more lateral)
o Globus Pallidus (more inferior)

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123
Q

Where is the thalamus located?

A

Lateral to the 3rd ventricle

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124
Q

Where is the occipital lobe of the cerebrum?

A

The most posterior lobe

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125
Q

Which great vessel do you not see on the superior portion of the heart?

A

inferior vena cava

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126
Q

Where is the brachial plexus located in the upper limb?

A

Lateral to the brachial artery and lateral to median nerve

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127
Q

What does the lower subscapular nerve innervates?

A

teres major

lower part of the subscapularis

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128
Q

What does the thoracodorsal nerve innervate?

A

latissimus dorsi

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129
Q

Describe the blood flow from the lungs to the heart

A
  1. Blood enters a pair of pulmonary veins from each lung(4)
  2. left atrium
  3. Left AV valve (Bicuspid or mitral)
  4. Left ventricle
  5. Aortic semilunar valve
  6. Aorta
    7.
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130
Q

What does the anterior cardiac vein supply blood to?

A

The small cardiac vein

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131
Q

What does the right coronary artery branch into?

A

right marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery

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132
Q

Describe the pathway of the blood through the heart

A

Sup. and Inf Vena Cava and coronary Sinus

  1. Right Atrium
  2. Right AV (Tricuspid) Valve
  3. Right Ventricle
  4. pulmonary semilunar valve
  5. Pulmonary Trunk
  6. Right and LEft Pulmonary Arteries
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133
Q

Where does the post circumflex anterior and posterior artery branch off the axillary artery?

A

between the lateral border of pectoralis minor to inferior border of teres major.

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134
Q

Describe the blood flow from the lungs to the heart

A
  1. Blood enters a pair of pulmonary veins from each lung(4)
  2. left atrium
  3. Left AV valve (Bicuspid or mitral)
  4. Left ventricle
  5. Aortic semilunar valve
  6. Aorta
  7. Rest of body
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135
Q

Where is Brocas Area located?

A

Inferior anterior area of the premotor area

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136
Q

What is located within the basal nuclei?

A

Nerve cell bodies

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137
Q

What is the function of the corpora quadrigegemina?

A
  • Must have four to qualify

* Startle reflexes

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138
Q

What is the great cardiac artery paired with

A

anterior interventricular artery

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139
Q

Where is the thoracodorsal nerve in the axilla?

A

Lateral to the long thoracic in the deep axilla

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140
Q

Describe the pathway of the blood through the heart

A

Sup. and Inf Vena Cava and coronary Sinus

  1. Right Atrium
  2. Right AV (Tricuspid) Valve
  3. Right Ventricle
  4. pulmonary semilunar valve
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141
Q

Where is the pons?

A

First part of the brainstem

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142
Q

Where does the musculocutateous nerve run?

A

Between the biceps brachaii and brachialis muscles

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143
Q

What are the branches of the thoraactomial artery?

A

Acromial (comes off deltoid branch), clavicular, deltoid and pectoral branch

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144
Q

What is the function of the premotor are in the brain?

A

Planning motor movements (complex muscle actions)

Motor programs storage area (muscle memory)

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145
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

Area that moves skeletal muscle

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146
Q

Insertion of the Brachialis

A

Tuberosity of the Ulna

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147
Q

Where does the median nerve run in the axillary region?

A

Between the border of the biceps and brachialis

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148
Q

What is the function of the commissures of the brain?

A

They run left to right and transport information between white matter of the hemispheres
Interconnect lobes of different hemispheres

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149
Q

Origin of the Biceps Bracii

A

Radial Tuberosity

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150
Q

Origin of the brachialis

A

Anterior aspect of the humerus

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151
Q

What do the association areas do?

A

Interpretation and where you learn

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152
Q

Where is the parietal lobe of the cerebrum?

A

Posterior to frontal lobe and superior to the temporal lobe (its the middle one)

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153
Q

Function of the frontal lobe

A

Primary motor cortex

conscious control of skeletal muscles

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154
Q

Where is the Primary Motor Cortex?

A

Located in the precentral gyrus

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155
Q

What arteries are found within the axilla?

A

Axillary
Subclavian
Subscapular (Deep)

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156
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculi?

A

Visual startle reflex

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157
Q

What part of the brain is affected when you get heatstroke?

A

Hypothalamus-you don’t want to drink cause you don’t feel thirsty in the later stages

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158
Q

What are the branches of the thoraactomial artery?

A

Acromial (comes off deltoid branch), clavicular(Main branch), deltoid and pectoral branch

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159
Q

What does the lower subscapular nerve innervate?

A

teres major

lower part of the subscapularis

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160
Q

Location of the axillary nerve in the upper arm

A

Runs deep and lateral to the brachial artery

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161
Q

What veins are found within the axilla?

A

Axillary vein

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162
Q

Where does blood go from the right ventricle?

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

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163
Q

What is a fissure in the brain?

A

Deep groove

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164
Q

Where is the central sulcus of the brain?

A

It seperates the frontal and pareital lobes
Starts at the longitudinal fissure down to the temporal lobe.
It usually starts posterior and moves anterior
The left and right sides may be different
Straightest line possible

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165
Q

What runs through the dectopectoral groove?

A

The cephalic vein

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166
Q

What is the function of the subclavis muscle>

A

Depresses clavicle ans stabilizes the sternocovicular joint

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167
Q

Where is the pons located?

A

• Located in the brainstem (Belly of the seahorse)

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168
Q

What does the cerebellum coordinate?

A

Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns

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169
Q

What is the Substanchia Nigra?

A

Basal ganglia structure in the midbrain that is associated with the basal nuclei

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170
Q

What i is the role of the white matter in the brain?

A

Transport of information

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171
Q

What is the function of the diencephalon?

A
  • Connects cerebrum to brain stem both structurally and functionally
  • Connect higher (brainstem) brain centers to lower brain centers
  • Almost all subconscious activity
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172
Q

What supplies blood to the deep axilla?

A

Subscapular artery which provides blood supply to many muscles.

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173
Q

Describe the pathway of the blood through the heart

A

Sup. and Inf Vena Cava and coronary Sinus

  1. Right Atrium
  2. Right AV (Tricuspid) Valve
  3. Right Ventricle
  4. pulmonary semilunar valve
  5. Pulmonary Trunk
  6. Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries
  7. Lungs
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174
Q

What does the thoracodorsal nerve innervate?

A

Lattisimus dorsi

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175
Q

What does the vermis do?

A

o Connects two hemoispheres of the cerebellum

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176
Q

Origin-Median nerve

A

Comes off from the union of medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus

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177
Q

What are sulci?

A

Shallow grooves in the brain

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178
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk split into?

A

Right and Left pulmonary arteries

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179
Q

Where does the subclavian artery and vein change names are what are they?

A

Axilally (pass clavicle)

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180
Q

Overall Function of the cerebrum

A

Conscious thought processes and intellectual functions
Memory storage and processing
Conscious and subconscious regulation of muscle contractions

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181
Q

If you look up whether left or right what cranial nerve do you use?

A

III-Oculomotor

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182
Q

What is the function of the basal nuclei in the brain?

A

Controls starting, stopping and intensity of motor movements

Inhibits antagonistic muscles during movement

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183
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum?

A

The largest commissure of the brain

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184
Q

Temporal Lobe Function

A

Auditory and olfactory cortex

Conscious perception of olfactory and auditory stimuli

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185
Q

What is the origin of the right and left coronary arteries?

A

ascending aorta

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186
Q

Explain how you differentiate between the anterior and posterior sides of the heart.

A

The posterior side has more openings (pulmonary veins)

Anterior side you can see the auricles better

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187
Q

Where is the Deltopectoral groove?

A

Between the Deltoid (superior) and pectoralis major muscles

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188
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

Hypothalamus and thalamus

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189
Q

What blood vessels take blood into the heart?

A

Superior vena cava

inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus into the right artrium

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190
Q

Origin-Axillary nerve

A

Posterior cord of the brachial plexus

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191
Q

What does the lateral sulcus seperate?

A

temporal and frontal lobes

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192
Q

What arteries comes off the left coronary artery?

A

On the anterior side-the anterior interventricular artery

2nd branch -left marginal artery

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193
Q

Where does the subclavian artery and vein change names are what are they?

A

Axilally (pass clavicle)

Brachial (past lateral border of scapula)

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194
Q

Innervation of pectoralis minor

A

Medial pectoral nerve

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195
Q

Where is the Jugular Fossa?

A

Between the sternoclediomastoid muscles

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196
Q

Where do the pulmonary arteries go?

A

To each lung

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197
Q

What is the function of Brocas area?

A

Planning Area for speech (usually only on left side)

Part of a motor program (speech takes lots of coordination of muscles)

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198
Q

What is the function of the Thalamus?

A

• Relay and processing centers for sensory information

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199
Q

Where is the lower subscapular nerve in the axilla?

A

Lateral to the thoracodorsal nerve in the deep axilla

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200
Q

What does the middle cardiac vein run next to?

A

posterior interventricular artery

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201
Q

Where is the posterior interventricular artery?

A

Within the posterior interventricular sulcus

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202
Q

when can you see the thymus?

A

Only in younger people

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203
Q

Origin of the posterior interventricular artery

A

right coronary artery

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204
Q

Where does the ulnar nerve run in relation to the median nerve?

A

Runs slightly posterior to it and runs with it.

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205
Q

How many pulmonary veins are there?

A

4 (2 from each lung)

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206
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculi?

A

Auditory startle reflex

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207
Q

What does the coronary sinus drain into?

A

The right atrium

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208
Q

What nerves are parasympathetic?

A

4,

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209
Q

Where is the longitudal fissure?

A

It splits down the middle and seperates right and left hemispheres

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210
Q

What are the three functions of the CSF?

A
  1. Mechanical Protection (Shock absorption)
  2. Provides Nutrients (Metabolically active brain)
  3. Gets rid of waste products (pH and CO2)
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211
Q

Action of pectoralis Minor

A

Anteriorly tilts and depresses scapula

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212
Q

Where do the left and right marginal arteries run?

A

On the border of the heart

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213
Q

Origin of the pectoralis minor

A

Ribs 3-5

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214
Q

What does the long thoracic nerve innervate?

A

serratus interior

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215
Q

Origin of Long Thoracic Nerve

A

Brachal Plexus (C5-C7)

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216
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle located?

A

Midline within the diencephalon medial to the thalamus

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217
Q

Origin of coracobrachialis

A

Coracoid process of the scapula

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218
Q

Orgin-Ulnar nerve

A

Medial cord of the brachial plexus

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219
Q

What nerve innervates Biceps Brachii?

A

Musculocutaneous

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220
Q

Medulla oblongota-Location

A

o Physically connects brain with spinal cord

o Most inferior portion of brainstem

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221
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A
  • Processing of visual and auditory data
  • Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses
  • Maintenance of consciousness
222
Q

What does the median nerve innervate in the arm?

A

runs anterior forearm flexors

223
Q

What does the musculocutaneous nerve control?

A

Biceps Brachii, Coracobrachialis, and brachiliais

224
Q

Innervation of the pectoralis major

A

Medial and Lateral pectoral nerves

225
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins come in and then connect?

A

Come in posteriorly and then connect to the left side of the heart

226
Q

Where does the ulnar nerve run in relation to the brachial artery?

227
Q

What do the cardiac veins do?

A

Take lower oxygenated blood away from the heart muscle and giving it back to the general circulation

228
Q

Origin -musculocutaneous nerve

A

Lateral cord of the brachial plexus

229
Q

What is the function of the association fibers in the brain?

A

Facilitate communication between the anterior and posterior brain
interconnect cortical areas within the same hemisphere

230
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

o Posteriorly and inferiorly to cerebrum

o Bi-lobed

231
Q

What does the blood from the left atrium go through?

A

Left AV valve (Bicuspid)

232
Q

What does the basal nuclei communicate with?

A

Premotor and motor cortex

233
Q

When numbering cranial nerves, what direction are they numbered?

A

anterior to posterior

234
Q

Cranial Nerve I is….

235
Q

What cranial nerves are the special sensory nerves?

A

I (Olfactory), II (Optic), VIII (Vestibulocochlear)

236
Q

What cranial nerves have both sensory and mixed function?

A

V (Trigeminal), (VII)Facial, IX (Glossopharengeal), and X (Vagus)

237
Q

Which cranial nerves are motor nerves?

A

III (Oculomotor), IV (Trochlear), VI (Abducens), XI (Accessory), XII (hypoglossal)

238
Q

Function of the Olfactory nerve (I)

239
Q

Origin of the olfactory nerve (I)

A

Receptors of the olfactory epithelium (smells are created with chemoreceptors). There is an association area in the brain

240
Q

What does the olfactory nerve pass through?

A

Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

241
Q

Destination of the olfactory nerve (I)

A

Olfactory bulbs

242
Q

How do you test the olfactory nerve for function?

A

Occlude each nostril and ask the patient to identify odors

243
Q

What is Cranial nerve II?

A

Optic nerve

244
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve II (Optic)?

245
Q

Origin of CN II (Optic nerve)

246
Q

What does the Optic Nerve (II) pass through

A

optic canal of sphenoid

247
Q

What is the destination of the optic nerve?

A

Through the optic chiasm to diencephalon

248
Q

What is CN III?

A

Oculomotor

249
Q

What is the function of CN III (Oculomotor)

A

Runs 4 of the 6 extraocular muscles

250
Q

What is the origin of CN III (Oculomotor)?

A

Mesencephalon

251
Q

What does CN III (Oculomotor) pass through?

A

Superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone

252
Q

Where does CN III (Oculomotor) run to?

A

Intrinsic eye muscles

253
Q

How would you test CN II Optic nerve?

A

Test for visual acuity using the snellan chart (both distance and near)
Also color perception and pupillary response

254
Q

How would you test cranial nerve III (optic), IV (Trochlear), VI(Abducens)

A

Ask patient to follow a moving target to all 4 quadrants. Check pupillary response for briskness and symmetry and size in a dimly lit room. Check for drooping eyelids

255
Q

If you ask a patient to look straight ahead, what cranial nerve and what muscle are you testing?

A 
CN III (Oculomotor)
Superior Rectus Muscle which elevates the eye to look straight
256
Q

If you ask a patient to cross their eyes (Abduction) and keep the eye straight, what muscle and what cranial nerve are you testing?

A

Medial Rectus Muscle and CN III

257
Q

If you ask a patient to look left and right (Right Abduction and left adduction and left a and right abduction and right adduction)t and you are looking at the most lateral eye, what muscle and CN are you testing?

A

The lateral rectus muscle and CN VI (Abducens)

258
Q

If you ask a patient to look up and to the left (Elevation), and are looking at the right eye (adduction), what muscle and what cranial nerve are you testing?

A

The superior Rectus Muscle-CN III

259
Q

If you ask a patient to look up and to the right(Elevation), and are looking at the left eye (adduction), what muscle and what cranial nerve are you testing?

A

Superior Rectus Muscle and CN III

260
Q

If you ask a patient to look up and to the right(Elevation), and are looking at the abducted eye right eye, what muscle and what cranial nerve are you testing?

A

inferior oblique muscle and CN III (Oculomotor)

261
Q

If you ask a patient to look up and to the left(Elevation), and are looking at the abducted left eye, what muscle and what cranial nerve are you testing?

A

inferior oblique muscle and CN III (Oculomotor)

262
Q

If you ask someone to cross their eyes and look up, what cranial nerve and muscle are you testing?

A

Adduction of the eye using the superior rectus muscle and CN III

263
Q

What can you ask someone to do to test CN III (Oculomotor)?

A

Elevate to the right and left and straight
Adduct the eye
Depress the eye while Adducting
Depress the eye

264
Q

What extraocular movements test the Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

A

Depressing the Eye and Depressing while adducting the eye (superior oblique muscle)

265
Q

What extraocular movements test the abducens (CN VI)?

A

Looking right and left while abducting

266
Q

CN IV

267
Q

What is the primary function of the trochlear nerve (CN IV)?

A

Eye Movements-Motor nerve

268
Q

What does the CN IV (Trochlear) nerve pass through?

A

Superior Orbital Fissure of Sphenoid Bone

269
Q

What muscle does the Trochlear (CN IV) Nerve Run

A

Superior Oblique muscle of the eye

270
Q

Origin of the Troclear Nerve (CN IV)

A

Troclear nucleus of the midbrain

271
Q

What nerve is the Trigeminal Nerve?

272
Q

Name the three branches of the Trigeminal nerve

A

Opthalmic branch
Maxillary branch
Mandibular branch

273
Q

What is the trigeminal nerves sensory function?

A

Anterior face

274
Q

What Cranial nerve operates the chewing muscles?

A

CN V -Trigeminal

275
Q

What action do the pterygoid muscles perform?

A

Moving the jaw side to side

276
Q

What are the chewing muscles?

A

masseter and pterygoids

277
Q

Where does the opthalmic branch of the trigemial nerve run?

A

To the top of the optic nerve and innervates the front of the face. (Forehead, lacrimal glands,upper eyelids, ciliary bodies and sides of nose)

278
Q

Where does the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve run?

A

Maxillary bone (Sensory information from mucosa of nose, palate, pharynx, upper teeth, upper lip and lower eyelids)

279
Q

Where does the Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve run?

280
Q

What does the opthalamic branch of the trigeminal nerve go through?

A

Superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone

281
Q

Origin of the Trigeminal Nerve

A

Nuclei in the pons

282
Q

What does the maxillary branches of the Trigeminal nerve pass through?

A

Foremina rotunda of the sphenoid bone

283
Q

What do the mandibular branches of CN V (Trigeminal) ne go through to exit the brain?

A

Foramen Ovale of the sphenoid bone

284
Q

What is the sensory function of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Anterior portion of the tongue (touch, temp and pressure) NOT TASTE

285
Q

Cranial Nerve VI

286
Q

What cranial nerve controls the Lateral Rectus muscle?

A

CN VI (Abducent)

287
Q

What does the abducent nerve pass through?

A

Superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone

288
Q

CN VII

A

Facial Nerve

289
Q

What type of nerve is CN VII

A

A Mixed Nerve

290
Q

What is the sensory function of the facial nerve?

A

Anterior 2/3 of the tongue (taste not motor)

291
Q

What is the motor function of the facial nerve?

A

Salivary Glands (submandibular and sublingual under the tongue), Tear Ducts (moves tear medially in the eye to the lacrimal canal to come out nose), Facial expression

292
Q

What does the facial nerve pass through?

A

Internal acoustic meatus of the temporal bone

293
Q

Where does the facial nerve run?

A

Along the facial canal to reach the stylomastoid foramen

if you palpate anterior and up it will hurt.

294
Q

How would you test the function of the facial nerve?

A

Unequal facial expressions, test each side of the tongue with different tastes.

295
Q

Which Cranial nerve is Vestibulocochlear?

296
Q

What is the primary function of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

A

Vestibular branch-Balance and equlibrium

Cochlear branch = hearing

297
Q

What is the Origin of CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear)

A

Receptors of the inner ear (vestibule and cochlea)

298
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharangeal

299
Q

What is the sensory function of the glossopharengeal nerve?

A

Taste (posterior 1/3) and drooling

300
Q

Which cranial nerve displaces the pharynx and moves glottis to swallow?

A

IX -Glossopharengeal

301
Q

What is the visceral motor function of the glossopharengeal nerve (CN IX)?

A

Parotid Salivary Gland (Anterior to ear and largest pair)

302
Q

CN X

303
Q

What is the most important cranial nerve?

304
Q

Destination on the Glossopharegeal Nerve (CN IX)

A

Tongue (posterior 1/3), Pharengeal muscles, parotid salivary

305
Q

How many branches doe the vagus nerve have?

306
Q

What is the motor function of the vagus nerve?

A

parasympathetic(HR, breathing, sweating, some swallowing

307
Q

What is the sensory function of the vagus nerve?

A

Stomache, ta

308
Q

Origin of the Vagus nerve

A

Medulla Oblongota

309
Q

Where does the vagus nerve exit the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

310
Q

Where do the sensory fibers of the vagus nerve go to?

A

Sensory nucleui and autonomic centers of the medulla

311
Q

Where do the Somatic Motor fibers of the Vagus nerve go to?

A

Muscles of the palatte and pharynx

312
Q

Where do the visceral motor of the vagus nerve go to?

A

Cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

313
Q

CN XI

314
Q

What does the external branch of CN XI (11) Control?

A

Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

315
Q

Where does the Accessory nerve enter the skull?

A

Foramen magnum

316
Q

Where does the accesory nerve exit the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

317
Q

How would you test CN XI (Acessory)

A

Shrug shoulders and press down or to test sternocledi mastoid- Turn head and press on jaw.

318
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal

319
Q

What is the function of the Hypoglossal nerve?

A

Moving the tongue to manipulate food

320
Q

How Could you test the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

A

Muscle atrophy of the tongue, movement of the tongue

321
Q

What three brain arteries arise from the internal carotid arteries?

A
  1. Anterior cerebral
  2. Anterior Communicating
  3. Middle Cerebral
322
Q

What three brain arteries arise from the vertebral arteries?

A
  1. Basilar
  2. Posterior cerebral
  3. Posterior communicating
323
Q

What does the common carotid artery come off of?

A

Aortic Arch

324
Q

What does the common carotid artery split into?

A

Internal and External Carotid

325
Q

What does the external carotid artery supply blood to?

A

Facial Muscles of the Skin

326
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery run?

A

Stays deep and runs to the circle of willis

327
Q

Origin of the Vertebral Arteries

A

Subclavian

328
Q

Describe the pathway of the vertebral arteries

A
  1. Come off the subclavian arteries
  2. Ascend through the foramen in the transverse processes C1-C6.
  3. Enter skull through foramen magnum
  4. unite to form basilar at the lower border of pons
  5. Basilar divides into rt and left posterior cerebral arteries
  6. Connected to the middle cerebral arteries by posterior communicating arteries.
329
Q

Describe the pathway of the Internal carotid arterys

A
  1. Common carotid at upper border of thyroid cartilage
  2. carotid canal in petrous portion of temporal bone( anterior to transverse processes of C1-C3)
  3. Branch into opthalmic and anterior choroidal
  4. Terminate in middle cerebral and anterior cerebral segments
330
Q

Define an aneurysm

A

A weakened arterial wall that can balloon out

331
Q

Where is the hyoid bone?

A

Anterior side of the neck and makes up superior border of the larynx

332
Q

Function of the hyoid bone

A

Anchor for superior portion of the larynx

333
Q

What bone is fractured during strangulation?

334
Q

Borders of the anterior triangle (Carotid Triangle) of the neck

A

Anterior-Sternohyoid
Superior-Mandible
Posterior-Sternocleidomastoid

335
Q

Borders of the Posterior Triangle (Occipital) of the Neck

A

Anterior-Sternocleidomastoid
Posterior-Trapezius
Inferior-Clavicle

336
Q

Superior attachment of the platysma

A

inferior border of the mandible

337
Q

Inferior attachment of the platysma

A

Superior part of the pectoralis major

338
Q

What nerve innervates the platysma?

A

Facial nerve (VII)

339
Q

Action of the platysma

A

Tenses skin of neck

Assists depression of mandible or opening the mouth

340
Q

Superior attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

Mastoid process of the skull

341
Q

Inferior attachment of the Sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

Sternal head- anterior surface of the manubrium of sternum

Clavicular head: Superior surface of the medial 3rd of the clavicle

342
Q

What nerve innervates the Sternoclediomastoid muscle?

A

Accessory nerve (XI)

343
Q

Action of the sternocleidomastoid

A

Deep respiration
Right turns head left and left turns head right
Flexion of neck in supine positon
Extend atlantooccipital joint

344
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the cricothyroid ligament?

A

You would make a verticle incison in the skin and then a horizontal incison in the membrane Divit between cricoid cartilage and

345
Q

What is found in the larynx

A

Vocal cords, epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage,

346
Q

Why is the adams apples (Thyroid cartilage) larger in males?

A

Size is affected by testosterone during puberty

There is change to the motor program as well causing voice cracking

347
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A fold of cartilage that can save your life when you swallow covering the trachea

348
Q

What nerve innervates the mylohyoid muscle?

A

Nerve to mylohyoid which is a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve coming off the 3rd branch of the trigeminal nerve.

349
Q

What nerve innervates the Geniohyoid muscle?

A

C1 via hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

350
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

Nerve to mylohyoid (Branch of alveolar nerve)

351
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

Digastric branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)

352
Q

What nerve innervates the stylohyoid muscle

A

Stylohyoid branch of the facial nerve

353
Q

What is the function of the mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid muscles?

A

elevate hyoid to swallow and fold over the epiglottis

354
Q

Action of the Digastric muscle

A

Depresses the hyoid

355
Q

Where are the infrahyoid muscles located?

A

Below the hyoid bone

356
Q

Origin of the sternohyoid

A

Manubrium of the sterum and medial end of the clavicle

357
Q

Insertion of the sternohyoid

A

Body of the hyoid bone

358
Q

What nerve innervates the sternohyoid muscle?

A

C1-C3 by a branch of the ansa cervicalis

359
Q

Action of the sternohyoid muscle

A

Depresses hyoid after elevation during swallowing

360
Q

Origin (Superior) Attachment of the Omohyoid Muscle

A

Superior border of scapula near suprascapular notch

361
Q

Insertion (Lateral) attachment of omohyoid muscle

A

inferior border of hyoid

362
Q

What nerve innervates Omohyoid muscle?

A

C1-C3 by a branch of the ansa cervicalis

363
Q

Origin (Superior) Attachment of the Sternothyroid muscle

A

Posterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum

364
Q

Insertion of Sternothyroid muscle

A

Oblique line of thyroid cartilage

365
Q

What nerve innervate sternothyroid muscle?

A

C2-C3 by a branch of the ansa cervicalis

366
Q

What action does the Omohyoid muscle do?

A

Depresses retracts and steadies hyoid

367
Q

What action does the sternothyroid muscle perform?

A

Depresses hyoid and Larynx

368
Q

Where is the thyrohyoid muscle located?

A

Deep to the sternohyoid

369
Q

Insertion of thyrohyoid muscle

A

Inferior border of body and greater horn of the hyoid bone

370
Q

Origin of the Thyrohyoid

A

Oblique line of the thyroid cartilage (Inferior border)

371
Q

What nerve innervates the thyrohyoid muscle?

A

C1 via hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

372
Q

What action does the thryohyoid muscle perform?

A

Depresses hyiod and elevates larynx

373
Q

Origin of the anterior and middle scalene muscles

A

Cervical transverse processes

374
Q

Insertion of the Anterior and middle scalene muscles

A

1st and 2nd ribs

375
Q

Action of the anterior and middle scalene muscles

A

Elevates 1st and 2nd ribs

Lateral neck flexion

376
Q

Orientation of the internal jugular vein

A

Larger
Runs within the carotid sheath
Deep to sernoclediomastoid

377
Q

Where is the external jugular vein located?

A

More superficially

External to the sternocleidomastoid muscle

378
Q

What does the external jugular vein branch into?

A

Supply the superficial areas on the head

379
Q

Where does the external jugular vein drain blood to?

A

into the subclavian veins

380
Q

Where is the spinal accessory nerve located?

A

Immediatly posterior to the sternocleidomastoid

381
Q

Where is the great auricular nerve located?

A

Comes up next to the external jugular and goes straight to the ear

382
Q

What does the great auricular nerve do?

A

Provides sensation to the ears

383
Q

Where are the transverse cervical nerves?

A

Deep to the external jugular but superficial to sternoclediomastoid muscle
Branch off the facial nerve

384
Q

What do the transverse cervical nerves innervate?

A

operates the superficial neck muscles

385
Q

What lies within the carotid sheath?

A

Internal jugular, common carotid, vagus and phrenic nerves

386
Q

Which side does the brachiocephalic artery come off the aortic arch?

387
Q

what does the brachiocephalic trunk divide into?

A

Right subclavian and right common carotid

388
Q

On the right side what is the first branch of the subclavian artery?

A

Vertebral Artery

389
Q

On the left side, what comes off the aortic arch?

A

Left common carotid and Left subclavian arteries

390
Q

Explain arterial circulation in the neck

A
  1. Left Ventricle

2. Ascending Aorta

391
Q

what do the vertebral arteries branch off of?

A

Subclavian

392
Q

what does the external carotid feed blood to?

A

To the face

393
Q

What are the branches of the thryocervical trunks?

A

Suprascapular
Ascending
Inferior Thyroid
Transverse Cervical

394
Q

What does the right vagus nerve innervate?

A

The larynx

395
Q

Where does the vagus nerve run?

A

The right vagus nerve hooks underneath subclavian artery

396
Q

Where is the spinal accessory nerve?

A

Posterior to the trapezius

397
Q

What are the thoracic cavity bones designed to do?

A

Protect the mediastinum and pleural cavities

398
Q

What is the tradeoff to the protective design of the osteology of the thorax?

A

Limited movement

399
Q

How do you distingush between a true and false rib?

A

False ribs do not have a direct connection

400
Q

How many pairs of true ribs are there?

401
Q

How many pairs of false ribs are there?

402
Q

What are floating ribs and how many are there?

A

Two and they lack costal cartilages

403
Q

Which costal cartilages fuse?

A

8,9,10 and they connect with costal cartilage 7

404
Q

How do ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae?

A

Via costovertebral joints

405
Q

Where does the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the rib?

A

Rib facet-Body
Tubercle of rib - transverse process
Head of rib-body of vertebrae

406
Q

What happens when the costovertebral joints become arthritic?

A

Can’t inhale as deep as normal

407
Q

Orientation of the external intercostal muscles

A

They start medial and move lateral (fibers)

408
Q

Origin of the external intercostal muscles

A

Inferior border of the rib above

409
Q

What is the most anterior great vessel of the heart?

A

pulmonary trunk

410
Q

What is to the right of the aorta?

A

Superior vena cava

411
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins of the heart come in?

A

Posteriorly but connect to left side of the heart

412
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava attach to?

A

Right atrium inferiorly

413
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins come from?

A

1 pair from the left lung and one pair from the right lung

414
Q

How does the left ventricle differ from the right?

A

Thinner myocardium

415
Q

What do the papillary muscles connect to in the heart?

A

Chordae Tendinea

416
Q

What do the Chordae tendinae in the heart connect to?

A

The cusps of the AV valves

417
Q

What is the function of chordae tendinae and papillary muscles?

A

To prevent valve prolapse. Papillary muscles contract when valves shut and chordae acts as a rope

418
Q

Which valves have chordae tendinae?

419
Q

What are the beats of the heart?

A

Shutting of the valves

420
Q

What is valve prolapse?

A

When a valve gets blown backwards and then blood can leak backwards and you would have to repump it

421
Q

What way to AV valves open?

A

Atria to ventricle

422
Q

What way do semilunar valves open?

A

Ventricle to vessel

423
Q

When do the papillary muscles contract?

A

When ventricle muscles contract

424
Q

What are trabeculae Carnea?

A

Wrinkled pattern on the wall if ventricle

425
Q

What is the Septomarginal trabecula or moderator?

A

Connects wall of ventricles of the heart (interventricular septum) with the lateral wall of the right atrium

426
Q

what is the function of the septomarginal trabecula or moderator?

A

part of the conduction system of the heart, send signals quickly to right side of heart so contracts works as 1 muscle

427
Q

How many muscles does the heart have?

428
Q

What side does the septomarginal trabecula occur at?

429
Q

Can you function without auricles?

430
Q

Ductus arteriorsus

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

431
Q

Oval Foreman

A

Oval Fossa

432
Q

Ductus Venosus

A

Ligamentum venosum

433
Q

Umbilical Vein

A

Round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres)

434
Q

Umbilical artery

A

medial umbilical ligament

435
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus connect?

A

pulmonary trunk to aorta, you can bypass the lungs in utero-you get all your oxygen from mom

436
Q

What is another word for open ductus arteriosus

A

Patent ductus

437
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

A hole between the walls of the atria that can bypass lungs

438
Q

What is the umbilical vein?

A

Originates in the placenta and allows exchange between mom’s blood and fetuses via diffusion

439
Q

What is the umbilical artery?

A

How we get rid of our lower oxygenated blood

440
Q

Explain the path of fetal heart circulation from placenta to the heart

A 
Oxygenated blood
1. placenta
2. umbilical vein
3. branches into inferior vena cava and
hepatic portal vein
4. From hepatic portal vein to liver back to inferior vena cava
5. inferior vena cava to right atrium
441
Q

Does the umbilical vein have oxygen?

A

Yes (red on diagram)

442
Q

What is the advantage to taking blood to the liver in fetal circulation via the hepatic portal vein?

A

Process some of fetal foodstuff
early start on metalbolism
filters blood

443
Q

Path of fetal circulation in the heart coming from inferior vena cava

A
  1. Inferior Vena Cava to right atrium
  2. Some blood from the right atrium goes through the foramen ovale to the left atrium to bypass the lungs and some goes out the pulmonary trunk
444
Q

Pathway of fetal blood from the superior vena cava

A
  1. superior vena cava
  2. right atrium
  3. Some blood through foramen ovale to left atrium and some out pulmonary trunk
445
Q

Pathway of fetal blood from the left atrium out the pulmonary trunk

A
  1. Left atrium to pulmonary trunk
  2. Pulmonary arteries to lungs
  3. Pulmonary artery to aorta (Another bypass of lungs)
446
Q

What are the lung bypasses in fetal circulation?

A

Foramen ovale and pulmonary trunk into aorta

447
Q

Is there still oxygen in venous blood?

448
Q

Why do you do compressions for CPR?

A

keep blood moving so brain gets oxygen and there is still oxygen left

449
Q

Pathway of fetal blood from aorta

A
  1. Mixed blood goes from aorta to umbilical arteries back to placenta to remove waste and pick up oxygen and then back to umbilical vein. (There is still blood going to body)
450
Q

What happens when the umbilical cord is severed at birth?

A

Umbilical vein becomes round ligament of liver

451
Q

What happens when the umbilical cord is severed at birth?

A
  1. Umbilical vein becomes round ligament of liver
  2. internal illiac veins shrink
  3. Ductus arteriorsus become ligamentum arteriosum
452
Q

What are the 4 problems of Tetralogy of fallot?

A
  1. Right ventricle hypertrophy-no room for blood
  2. Ventricular septal defect-Blood would be mixed (low oxygen and high oxygen blood)
  3. pulmonary valve stenosis (Thicker wall and it is hard to get blood out- overworking ventricle and its getting thicker)
  4. narrowed pulmonary trunk (will need more pressure)
    * Requires surgical intervention
453
Q

What is main theme in congenital heart defects?

A

Blood leaving the aorta is not fully oxygenated (can affect many thing)

454
Q

What is a patent ovale foramen?

A

open ovale foramen

455
Q

What is a ventricular septal defect?

A

A hole in the septum (Hole in the heart)

456
Q

Does location really matter when there is a hole in the heart?

A

no its the size that is important

457
Q

Ventricular hypertrophy

A

Ventricle is getting too large -not as much blood to pump.

Stenosis is present

458
Q

Why would you want to correct a defect in utero?

A

Once born they can die, they also heal really quick

459
Q

What is lymph?

A

when intersticial fluid enters lymph vessels

460
Q

what is intersticial derived from?

A

capillaries

461
Q

What does the thoracic duct do?

A

collects lymph from most of the body except right side above waist

462
Q

what does the right lymphatic duct collect lymph from?

A

right side
1/2 of head,
shoulder,,
waist and right arm

463
Q

Where is the thoracic duct?

A
  • Inbetween the hemiazygous and azygous vein
  • Retract esophagus to see a line to the left of the azygous vein
  • Hooks behind
464
Q

What is the cistern chyle?

A

Collecting vessel from lower body (rt lumbar trunk, intestinal trunk, left lumber trunk

465
Q

What does the thoracic duct collect lymph from?

A

Left jugular trunk
left subclavian trunk
Thoracic duct entering left subclavian vein
Left bronchomediastinal trunk

466
Q

What is the right lymphatic duct formed from?

A

Right jugular vein
Right subclavian trunk
right lympatic duct entering right subclavian vein
right bronchomediastinal trunk

467
Q

What does the thoracic duct dump into?

A

hooks behind left internal jugular vein and hooks around to drain into the left subclavian vein

468
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct dump into?

A

Right subclavian vein

469
Q

How much lymph do you replace in 24 hours?

470
Q

Why is the tetralogy of fallot bad?

A

The defects cause the hypertrophy due to the pressure in the ventricle

471
Q

What are five causes of azygous vein enlargement?

A
  1. Pregnancy
  2. Overhydration
  3. Congestive heart failure
  4. portal hypertension
  5. Tricuspid insufficiency
472
Q

What are the two types of Left ventricle hypertrophy?

A
  1. Concentric

2. Eccentric

473
Q

If you have a really damaged oculomotor nerve what would not work?

A

You couldn’t look up

474
Q

If vagus is damaged what would you see?

A

increased heart rate

475
Q

Describe Concentric Left Ventricle hypertrophy?

A
  • Maladaptive

- Hypertension, congenital heart defects, stenosis causes it

476
Q

In concentric heart hypertrophy there is an _______ in muscle mass but a ______in vasculature

A

Increase,

decrease

477
Q

Describe eccentric hyperatrophy?

A

“Athlete’s heart”

  • Results from increased physical activity
  • risks are associated with dramatic hypertrophy
478
Q

Describe dialated cardiomyopathy

A
  • The thinning ventricular wall decreases stroke volume

- Organ perfusion becomes more difficult

479
Q

What can heart fibrosis affect?

A

Heart muscle and/or heart valves

480
Q

What is the general term for a collapsed lung?

A

atelectasis

481
Q

What valve is usually affected by heart fibrosis?

A

Tricuspid valve (heart murmurs)

482
Q

What are the causes of coronary artery disease?

A
  • Smoking
  • Hypertension
  • High Chlolesterol
  • Diabetes/insulin resistance
  • Sedentary lifestyle
483
Q

What are risk factors for coronary heart disease?

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Family History
  • Obesity
  • High Stress
  • Poor Diet
484
Q

Describe a Myocardial Infarcation

A

Heart Attack

485
Q

What layer of the heart is affected by a heart attack and why?

486
Q

Orientation of internal intercostal ribs

A

Run lateral to medial

487
Q

Origin of internal intercostal ribs

A

Inferior to rib above

488
Q

Insertion of intercostal ribs

A

Superior border of rib above

489
Q

What nerve innervates the internal, external and innermost internal intercostal ribs?

A

intercostal nerves

490
Q

Action of the internal and innermost internal intercostal ribs

A

Depresses the rib above (Exhale)

491
Q

Orientation of the intercostal nerves

A

run just inferior to ribs in the intercostal grooves

492
Q

Origin of the intercostal nerves

A

Arise from the ventral ramus (after the ganglion) of the thoracic spinal nerves (Mixed) nerves

493
Q

How would you get from the internal thoracic arteries to the external iliac arteries?

A
  1. Thoracic aorta
  2. Travels downward on each side of sterum
  3. Branches out to ribs (1 on each side)
  4. Branches travel on the superior and posterior surface of the rib.
  5. Anastomoste
    6 Once you pass costal cartilages called superior epigastric
494
Q

What is the difference between the right and left sides of venous supply in the thorax

A

Azygous system
From right side- come over and anastomose with azygous vein
From the left go into hemiazygous
Hemiazygous and azgous combine

495
Q

Where does the azygous vein go?

A

posterior side of the superior vena cava

496
Q

Where do the intercostal veins go?

A

Can take blood to azygous system

497
Q

Where do the internal thoracic veins go?

A

To subclavian veins

498
Q

What is the superior border of the medistinum?

A

Superior wall of thoracic cavity

499
Q

What is the anterior border of the mediastinum?

500
Q

What is the posterior border of the mediastinum?

501
Q

What is the interior border of the mediastinum?

502
Q

What is the Lateral border of the mediastinum?

503
Q

What is found in the anterior mediastinum?

A

Fat on the chest plate

504
Q

What is found in the posterior mediastinum?

A 
Esophagus, 
Air passageways
TRachae
Bronchii
Azygous system
Arteries and veins into the heart
505
Q

What is found in the superior mediastnum?

A

Esophagus
Trachae
Great vessels of the heart

506
Q

What is the function of the trachae?

A

Windpipe, takes air to both lungs

507
Q

What does the trachae break into?

A

Two primary bronchi

508
Q

Where are the primary bronchi?

A

1st branch off trachea

509
Q

What is the function of the primary bronchi?

A

Take air to each lung

510
Q

Where are the secondary bronchi?

A

2nd branch off aorta

511
Q

How many secondary bronchi are on the right

512
Q

How many secondary bronchi on the left?

513
Q

Where so the secondary bronchii take air to?

514
Q

What happens if one of the secondary bronchi is obstructed?

A

Better than if theprimary bronchi are

Only one lobe won’t function

515
Q

What is the difference between the right and left lungs?

A

Right has 3 lobes and two fissures

Left has 2 lobes and one fissure

516
Q

Name the location of the three lobes of the right lungs

A

superior, middle, and inferior (goes down to the base)

517
Q

Name the fissures of the right lung

A

Horizontal and oblique

518
Q

What does the horizontal fissure of the right lung seperate?

A

superior and inferior lobes

519
Q

What does the oblique fissure of the right lung seperate?

A

inferior and middle

520
Q

Name the two lobes of the left lung

A

superior inferior

521
Q

What is the fissure of the left lung called?

522
Q

How can you distinguish Bronchi in the lungs?

A

They are thicker

523
Q

How do you remember arteries in the lungs?

A

RALS (Right anterior, left superior) (if looking at it medially)

524
Q

What color are lung arteries on diagrams and why?

A

Blue and because they are low oxygen

525
Q

What is pleura?

A

A double walled sac that forms a pleural space with pleural fluid

526
Q

What is the function of the pleura?

A

Reduce friction,

keep lungs inflated (they have a tendency to want to collapse

527
Q

Which layer is the parietal pleura?

528
Q

What is the pleura covering the wall of the lungs called?

A

visceral pleura

529
Q

What is the difference between the right and left primary bronchi?

A

Right-Anterior to arteries and Primary Bronchus is larger with a steeper descent
Left-Bronchi are superior to arteries

530
Q

Which primary bronchus would food enter if it went down the trachae?

A

The right, because it has a bigger diameter

531
Q

What is the carina?

A

The area where the primary bronchi split

532
Q

Where are the cartilage rings located on the trachae and why?

A

Anterior side because esophagus sits posteriorly

533
Q

What is the function of the trachalis muscle?

A

Constricts during a cough decreasing the diameter so air can move faster and expel contaminant out

534
Q

How does the pleura maintain a negative pressure and prevent collapse of the lung?

A

It opposes the cohesive nature of fluid in the lungs
Since the fluid is made mostly of water it has the tendency to form micelles pulling of the walls of the lungs. This pressure will decrease the volume and pull inwards but the pleura opposes this.

535
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Air in the pleura space

536
Q

What is the term for a collapsed lung?

A

Atelectasis

537
Q

What is a closed pneumothorax?

A

Air in the pleural cavity without a penetrating injury or external cause.
Pleural cavity pressure is less than atmospheric

538
Q

Describe an open pneumothorax

A

There is a penetrating injury (you will see blood soap bubbles)
Person can still breath
Can seal it with cellophane
Pleural cavity = atm

539
Q

What is a tension pneumothorax?

A

The most fatal
Pleural cavity pressure is greater than atm
Can displace blood vessels
Person tries to breath deeper. In the field you make a second wound to let air out

540
Q

What is valsalva’s maneuver?

A

Compression of the abdominal muscles and closing glottis increases pressure in the ventral cavity.
Volume decreases.
People have a voice change during the manuever
Initiates vagal response and HR decreases.
Danger is that the inferior vena cava is low pressure and it could flatten and get less air out to the heart.
To avoid, exhale during exertion

541
Q

Why does pregnancy increase the diameter of the azygous vein?

A

Larger blood volume

542
Q

Why is the azygous vein larger with portal hypertention?

A

Refers to hepatic portal vein. Too much blood in portal system (Cirrosis)
Blood builds up behind venous and now you have high BP in azygous

543
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increased muscle mass

544
Q

Why is concentric hytpertrophy so bad?

A

Heart has to contract much harder at rest

545
Q

Why is eccentric hypertrophy better?

A

We can increase muscle but still keep the same amount of volume. It can protect against heart attacks.
Also can occur during pregnancy
Athletes can get too much hypertrophy

546
Q

what can dilated cardiomyopathy lead to?

A

pulmonary edema

547
Q

Causes of cardio myopathy?

A

High BP- cap-stretching muscle leads to
Coronary heart disease
Aortic valve problems

548
Q

Symptoms of cardio myopathy?

A

fluid accumulation in lungs because blood is not leaving ventrical and fluid leaves blood to lungs
Renal failure- cannot regulat potassium

549
Q

Effect of a slow relaxing heart

A

cannot contract heart all the way, heart works harder

550
Q

What is the cause of heart fibrosis

A

sedentary lifestyle

aging-valve get stiffer

551
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

arterosclorsis- hardening

athroscolosis-plugging

552
Q

what is a heart attack?

A

killing heart cells

BMS 547 (12 decks)

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